Early ovarian cancer detection diagnostic test based on mRNA isoforms

ABSTRACT

A method to detect ovarian cancer is provided that employs probes and/or primers to detect certain RNA isoform transcripts, as well as kits therefor.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of the filing date of U.S.application Ser. No. 62/340,876, filed on May 24, 2016, the disclosureof which is incorporated by reference herein.

BACKGROUND

Identifying molecules that are specific to tumors for use in earlydetection, diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic strategy design is botha primary goal and a key discovery challenge across diverse areas ofoncology. Furthermore, the extent of inter- and intra-tumorheterogeneity indicates that multiple tumor-specific molecules will beneeded for any of these applications (Farhangfar et al., 2013; Swanton,2012; Marusyk et al., 2012). Although DNA alterations constitute themajor focus of tumor specific discovery efforts to date, in manyrespects mRNA is more attractive for this purpose. This is because RNAcan: 1) broadly reflect (malignant) cellular phenotypes; 2) exist inthousands of copies per cell and thereby enable highly sensitive earlydetection and diagnostic assays; and 3) can sensitively andcomprehensively reveal potential candidate antigens for monoclonalantibody targeting, vaccines, and adoptive immunotherapies (Adamia etal., 2013; Lupetti et al., 1998; Rousseaux et al., 2013). The efficacyof using mRNA for these purposes is highly dependent on the degree oftumor-specific expression.

One of the main themes of microarray-based experiments that have beenundertaken during the last decade has been the discovery oftumor-specific “genes”. Aside from the class of cancer-germline (akacancer/testis) genes (Coulie et al., 2014), few have been found. Inretrospect, the “gene” concept critically hindered these efforts todiscover tumor-specific expression because the word “gene” is acollective term for all mRNA isoforms expressed from a genomic locus.Malignant and normal tissue types can be distinguished by patterns ofdifferential isoform usage (David et al., 2010; Venables et al., 2009),but when measured in aggregate at the “gene” level the isoform-specificdifferences are at best recognized as “gene over-expression” or “geneunder-expression”. Thus, mRNA expression is not commonly considered tobe “tumor specific”, but “tumor associated” (via over-expression). Thedistinction is important, for “tumor specific” molecules are an idealthat is devoid of detection interpretation ambiguity and off targeting.So while it has become increasingly clear that there are few if any“genes” only expressed in tumors, aside from fusion transcripts (Annalaet al., 2013) the extent to which tumor-specific mRNA isoforms exist isunknown.

Transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) is a genomics technology whoseprinciple purpose is to enable genome-wide expression measurements ofmRNA isoforms—the level at which distinct tumor-specific mRNA moleculesare to be found. In order to apply RNA-seq for the purpose ofidentifying mRNA isoforms that tumors express and normal tissues do notexpress, a large compendium of RNA-seq data from malignant and normaltissues is required. The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) (11) is a largeNIH-sponsored effort to study the RNA and DNA in 500 tumors for manycancer types, and the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) program(Lonsdale et al., 2013) is a large NIH-sponsored effort to study the RNAand DNA in thousands of samples from >50 distinct normal tissue sites.Both of these programs are multi-center efforts that are generatingmolecular profiling data at a rate, scale, and cost that almostcertainly could not be borne by any single entity. The primary intentionof these efforts is to generate a public resource in order to catalyzeleaps in progress across all aspects of cancer care, prevention, andtherapy. The raw transcriptome data being produced by these efforts hastremendous discovery potential, but to date they have not beenrigorously evaluated for their potential of yielding tumor-specificmolecules for diagnostic and therapeutic applications.

SUMMARY

At present there is no available test for the early detection of ovariancancer. With one exception, all proposed approaches have been based onblood. The exception is also based on Pap smear, but it relies on thedetection of particular DNA mutations though massive DNA sequencing. Thepresent method is not based on blood, but on cells collected by Papsmear or endometrial biopsy.

The major component of the present diagnostic is a set of mRNA isoformsthat are only expressed in ovarian tumor cells and only exist as aproduct of the disease due to the deregulated environment within tumorcells. To date approximately 20 such isoforms have been identified. Inparticular, the identification of a number of mRNA isoforms that areonly expressed in ovarian tumors is useful in a diagnostic test thatdetects the presence of an ovarian tumor in a woman's body through thedetection of these isoforms in a Pap smear and/or endometrial biopsyand/or free (cell free, i.e., not within a cell) nucleic acid in blood.This disclosure is likely to be able to detect the presence of even justa few tumor cells, making it an effective test for the detection of verysmall ovarian tumors. Such sensitivity means that it may function as anearly ovarian cancer detection test.

In one embodiment, the disclosure provides methods and primers or probesto hybridize to, sequence and/or amplify mRNA isoforms that wereexpressed only in patients with ovarian tumors and so can be configuredinto a diagnostic test to detect the presence of an ovarian tumor in aPap smear and/or endometrial biopsy (which are routinely collected in agynecologic exam), as opposed to blood (which requires a separateprocedure). The methods may be employed to detect the presence of evenjust a few tumor cells and, thus, it could function as an early ovariancancer detection test.

In one embodiment, the disclosure provides a diagnostic reagent ordevice comprising a biomarker such as a nucleic acid probe and/orprimers specific for at least one mRNA shown in FIG. 4 , or a specificisoform thereof, or a ligand for a protein encoded by the mRNA isoform,wherein optionally at least one probe, primer or ligand is associatedwith a detectable label or with a substrate. The biomarker is selectedfrom one or more genes or encoded proteins of genes in FIG. 4 , andnucleic acid molecules or proteins having at least 80%, at least 90%%,at least 95% or at least 99% sequence homology or sequence identity withany of the above biomarkers. In certain embodiments, the biomarkersequence or ligand in the reagent or device is associated with amolecule or moiety capable alone or in combination with one or moreadditional molecules of generating a detectable signal. In otherembodiments, the biomarker sequence or ligand in the reagent or deviceis associated with a substrate on which the sequence or ligand isimmobilized. In one embodiment, the sample is a tissue sample. Inanother embodiment, the sample is a physiological fluid sample, e.g., ablood sample. In another aspect, the diagnostic reagent or devicecomprises a set of multiple biomarkers or multiple ligands tobiomarkers, each individually capable of specifically complexing with,binding to, or quantitatively detecting or identifying a singlebiomarker.

In one embodiment, a method for detecting ovarian cancer in a subject isprovided that includes obtaining a physiological sample from a human;measuring the presence or amount of at least one mRNA isoform in FIG. 4or at least one mRNA isoform of at least one gene in FIG. 4 ; anddetermining whether the presence or amount of the at least one isoformis indicative of ovarian cancer in the human. In one embodiment, thephysiological sample is a tissue sample, for example, the sample is fromthe endometrium or cervix. In one embodiment, a plurality of probesspecific for isoforms of MYLPF, LSR, OPN3, RP11-3JL1, TMPRSS3, ETV4.SLC44A4, ESR1, TNFRSF8, SLC44A4, MUC16, RAB11FIP4, AURKA, huhare, STON2.FOXM1, CTD-2616J11.4, ACO191171, CD9, PTH2R, SPC24, LINC00284, orC19orf53, or any combination thereof, is employed to detect unamplifiedRNA, amplified RNA, or cDNA obtained from mRNA. In one embodiment, theprobes are in a microarray, e.g., on a solid substrate. In oneembodiment, a plurality of primers and probes specific for isoforms ofMYLPF, LSR, OPN3, RP11-3JL1, TMPRSS3, ETV4, SLC44A4, ESR1, TNFRSF8,SLC44A4, MUC16, RAB11FIP4, AURKA, huhare, STON2, FOXM1, CTD-2616J11.4,ACO191171, CD9, PTH2R, SPC24, LINC00284, or C19orf53, or any combinationthereof, is employed. In one embodiment, a plurality of primers andprobes specific for isoforms of MYLPF, LSR, OPN3, RP11-3JL1, TMPRSS3,ETV4, SLC44A4, ESR1, TNFRSF8, MUC16, RAB11FIP4, AURKA, huhare, STON2,FOXM1, CTD-2616J11.4, ACO191171, CD9, PTH2R, SPC24, LINC00284, C19orf53,CDCA5, PRAME, FGFRL1, CHODL, VTCNA, SLC22A18, CDH24, VASN, WFDC2, FOXM1,or any combination thereof, is employed. In one embodiment, the presenceor amount of the isoform is indicative of high grade serous ovariancarcinoma. In one embodiment, the method further includes determiningthe presence or amount of a biomarker selected from: ApoC1, Hemoglobinalpha/beta, ApoAII, ApoCII, Calcyclin. Calgranulin C, Calgranulin C(truncated form), Calgranulin A or IgG heavy chain. In one embodiment,the method further includes determining the presence or amount of CA 125II, CA1 5-3, CA1 9-9. CA72-4, CA 195, CEA, creatine kinase B (CKB),Dianon NB 70/K, haptoglobin, ITIH4, galactosyltransferase, haptoglobin,HE4, hepcidin, HER-2/neu, macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF,CSF-I), prostatin, osteopontin, esoinophil-derived neurotoxin,extracellular domain of the epidermal growth factor receptor (p 11OEGFR), kallikrein 6 and kallikrein 10, LASA, leptin, lysophosphatidicacid (LPA), placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP), prolactin, SMRP,insulin-like growth factor I, IGF-II, hemoglobin, urinary gonadotropinpeptide, Sialyl TN, Tissue peptide antigen (TPA), tumor associatedtrypsin inhibitor (TATI), and modified forms thereof. In one embodiment,the presence or amount of a plurality of isoforms of MYLPF, LSR, OPN3,RP11-3JL1, TMPRSS3, ETV4, SLC44A4, ESR1, TNFRSF8, SLC44A4, or MUC16 isdetermined. In one embodiment, the presence or amount of a plurality ofisoforms of RAB11FIP4, AURKA, huhare, STON2, FOXM1, CTD-2616J11.4,ACO191171, CD9, PTH2R, SPC24, LINC00284, or C19orf53 is determined. Inone embodiment, the presence or amount of a plurality of isoforms ofMYLPF, LSR, OPN3, RP11-3JL1, TMPRSS3, ETV4, SLC44A4, ESR1, TNFRSF8,SLC44A4, MUC16, RAB11FIP4, AURKA, huhare, STON2, FOXM1, CTD-2616J11.4.ACO191171, CD9, PTH2R, SPC24, LINC00284, or C19orf53, or any combinationhereof, is determined. In one embodiment, the presence or amount of atleast 2, at least 5, at least 10, at least 12, or at least 20 of themRNA isoforms is determined. In one embodiment, the presence or amountis determined using RT-qPCR, hybridization with one or more probes thatdetect the one or more isoforms, or RNA sequencing.

In another embodiment, the disclosure provides a kit, panel ormicroarray comprising at least one diagnostic reagent described herein,and optionally two or more diagnostic reagents, each reagent identifyinga different biomarker. In one embodiment, the kit comprises diagnosticreagents that bind to or complex individually with 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18 or more biomarkers. In anotherembodiment, the kit, panel or microarray includes diagnostic reagentsthat bind to or complex individually with at least one additional knownmarker, isoform, pro-form, modified molecular form, or peptide fragmentor homolog thereof.

In one embodiment a composition having a plurality of probes specificfor a plurality of mRNA isoforms in FIG. 4 , or at least one primerhaving a nucleotide sequence comprising one of SEQ ID Nos. 1-136 or thecomplement thereof, or having at least 80% nucleic acid sequenceidentity thereto, is provided. In one embodiment, the probe or primer isspecific for an isoform of MYLPF, LSR. OPN3, RP11-3JL1, TMPRSS3, ETV4,SLC44A4, ESR1, TNFRSF8, SLC44A4, MUC16, RAB11FIP4, AURKA, huhare, STON2,FOXM1, CTD-2616J11.4, ACO191171, CD9. PTH2R, SPC24, LINC00284, orC19orf53 in FIG. 4 , or any combination thereof.

In one embodiment, a method for diagnosing or detecting, or monitoringthe progress of, ovarian cancer in a subject is provided. In oneembodiment, the method comprises contacting a sample obtained from atest subject with a diagnostic reagent or device as described above andquantitatively detecting or identifying at least one biomarker presentin the sample. The presence or levels of the selected biomarker(s) maybe detected and optionally compared to the presence or levels in acontrol or profile sample. In one embodiment, a change in biomarkerlevel of the subject's sample from that in the control indicates adiagnosis, risk, or the status of progression or remission of, ovariancancer in the subject. In one embodiment of this method, an additionalstep involves detecting or measuring in the sample, the levels of one ormore additional known ovarian cancer biomarkers, and comparing thelevels of the known biomarker in relation to the levels of theadditional biomarkers in the subject's sample with the same biomarkersin a control or profile.

In another aspect, use of any of the diagnostic reagents describedherein in a method for the diagnosis of ovarian cancer is provided.

Other aspects and advantages of these compositions and methods aredescribed further in the following detailed description of certainembodiments thereof.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

The patent or application file contains at least one drawing executed incolor. Copies of this patent or patent application publication withcolor drawing(s) will be provided by the Office upon request and paymentof the necessary fee.

FIGS. 1A-C. RNA-seq bioinformatics. A) RNA-seq computational pipelinebroadly conforms to the standard three-component RNA-seq computationalpipeline for organisms with a sequenced genome. B) In the approach, readpairs (RP) with maximally sensitive parameterizations were aligned anduse all known splice junctions, allowing even 1 bp splice junction“overhangs”. Nucleotide-level read-to-isoform consistency analysisidentifies and records the read pair-isoform tuples that are exactlyconcordant and filters out read pairs that are not exactly concordantwith some known isoform (I). C) Isoform non-identifications (falsenegatives) are minimized with the isoform model database that is amerger of the six major isoform model databases worldwide. Given theread pair-isoform tuples from B), a parsimony principle is used tosubsequently minimize false isoform identifications (false positives).

FIG. 2 . Discovery process overview. Bioinformatics algorithms to largepublic compendiums of tumor and normal tissue RNA-seq data to rankprioritize mRNA isoforms by likelihood of being tumor-specific. RT-qPCRwas then used in two phases to confirm tumor-specific expression. Firstwe performed RT-qPCR to analyze the RNA of six tumors pooled togetherversus the RNA of six normal tissues pooled together. Then the mostlikely tumor-specific isoforms were selected based on expressionprofiles in these two pools. Final validation was RT-qPCR on individualtumor and normal tissues.

FIG. 3 . Categories of pooled RNA RT-qPCR experiments. For isoformcandidates derived from RNA-seq-based analyses, we measured theirexpression by RT-qPCR in a pool of tumor (T) RNA samples and pool ofnormal tissue (N) RNA samples. The expression status of the isoforms inaggregate spanned all possible outcomes. By melt curve analysis,instances in which just the target product (single) was amplified andinstances in which multiple products (mult) were amplified—indicative ofthe presence of novel mRNA isoform structures were observed. Number ofisoforms in each category is displayed atop each bar.

FIG. 4 . Top 5% most tumor-specifically expressed mRNA isoforms. Intotal, 671 mRNA isoforms were selected for tumor-specific confirmationRT-qPCR experiments. Using pooled RNA, a subset of them was found to beonly expressed in the tumor RNA pool (see FIG. 3 ). 86 of these wereselected for a second set of RT-qPCR experiments 12 tumor and 12 normaltissue RNA samples, which were not pooled. The 33 mRNA isoforms from theset of 86 are shown, constituting 5% of the original 671.

FIGS. 5A-D. Candidate protein therapeutic targets. A) The candidateisoform PTH2R.bAug10 is distinguished from the canonical PTH2R isoformby its alternative first exon, which alters the N-terminal amino acidsequence. Both protein isoforms are predicted to contain signal peptides(that are likely cleaved). After signal peptide cleavage, the first exonof PTH2R.bAug10 would still retain a unique 12 aa sequence, which sincethe protein is a class B GPCR, is expected to be extracellular and thusamenable for antibody targeting. B) The candidate isoform CD9.iAug10 isdistinguished by a unique exon, which is expected to add 41 uniquelydistinguishing amino acids some of which project into the extracellularenvironment and constitute a protein-specific antibody target. C) Thecandidate isoform ETV4.1Aug10 has a unique exon structure that creates aunique splice junction spanning amino acid sequence with high computedbinding affinity to two common MHC 1 alleles. D) The LSR mRNA isoformucnyp002.3 contains a unique splice junction spanning amino acidsequence that is expected to reside in the extracellular domain of thisplasma membrane protein and that also contains subsequences that arecomputed to have moderate to high binding affinity to multiple commonMHC 1 alleles. Thus the single amino acid sequence is amenable to twotherapeutic modalities. (SEQ ID NOs: 137-147)

FIG. 6 . Effect of read-to-isoform verification. RNA-seq read pairalignments often overlap isoforms from which they both could and couldnot have been physically derived. Nucleotide-level correspondenceanalysis was performed to explicitly associate each read pair with aspecific isoform or set of isoforms from which it could have beenderived. As shown, this procedure markedly reduces the number ofisoforms with which read pairs can be associated.

FIG. 7 . Average Isoform Use at Loci. As part of the computationalRNA-seq pipeline a parsimony principle was applied to identify theisoforms that can most succinctly account for the RNA-seq reads alignedat a genomic locus. The effect of this procedure is to significantlyreduce the number of isoforms models that are supplied to an integrationalgorithm that estimate isoform expression levels from aligned RNA-seqdata. (For visual clarity, only loci with 50 or fewer isoforms are shownhere.)

FIGS. 8A-C. Use of RNA-seq to identify the isoforms most likely to bespecifically expressed in HGS-OvCa. A) Using a liberal expression valuecutoff to deem an isoform “expressed”, isoforms that expressed in90-100% of all 296 HGS-OvCa tumors samples were identified. B) Thenthose (22,082) isoforms whose average expression was higher in zero orone normal tissue compared to tumor were identified. C) For each isoformthe normal tissue in which its expression was most similar to ovariantumor expression was identified. The fold change of average expressionand the Mann-Whitney p-value were computed. The isoforms from B) weresorted by these two statistics to rank prioritize isoforms by likelihoodof being tumor-specifically expressed.

FIG. 9 . geNorm output. qPCR results for 32 candidate referenceamplicons in 6 tumor and normal tissues were used as input to geNorm.For readability the geNorm output for the 13 most stable references wereshown. The red line in the bottom panel marks geNorm's standardacceptability cutoff of 0.15.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Tumor-specific molecules are needed across diverse areas of oncology foruse in early detection, diagnosis, prognosis and therapeutic strategies.The large and growing public compendiums of transcriptome sequencingdata (RNA-seq) derived from tumors and normal tissues hold the potentialof yielding tumor-specific molecules, but because the data are new theyhave not been fully explored for this purpose. As described below,bioinformatics algorithms were described and used them with 2,135 tumorand normal RNA-seq datasets to identify a set of mRNA isoforms withtumor-specific expression. These isoforms were rank prioritized bylikelihood of being expressed in high-grade serous ovarian (HGS-OvCa)tumors and not in normal tissues, and to date have analyzed 671top-ranked isoforms using high-throughput RT-qPCR experiments. Asdescribed below, 1.2% of the 671 isoforms were expressed in 6-12 of the12 HGS-OvCa tumors examined but were undetectable in 12 normal tissues.An additional 2.6% were expressed in 1 or 2 normal tissues, which oftenincluded ovary or fallopian tissues. In the topmost 5% were isoformsfrom oncogenic, stem cell/cancer stem cell, and early developmentloci-including ETV4, FOXM1, LSR, CD9, RAB11FIP4, and FGFRL1. Thesystematic process described herein is readily and rapidly applicable tothe more than thirty additional tumor types for which sufficient amountsof RNA-seq already exist in public databases. Bioinformatics sequenceanalysis revealed that many of the isoforms are predicted to encodeproteins with unique amino acid sequences, which would allow them to bespecifically targeted for one or more therapeutic strategies-includingmonoclonal antibodies and T-cell-based vaccines.

The compositions and methods described herein provide means fordiagnosing or detecting the existence or absence of, or monitoring theprogress of, ovarian cancer in a subject using one or more of thebiomarkers identified in FIGS. 4-5 in optional combination with one ormore known ovarian cancer-associated biomarkers. Diagnostic reagentsthat can detect and measure the target biomarkers and sets of biomarkersidentified herein and methods for evaluating the level or ratios ofthese target biomarkers vs. their level(s) in a variety of referencestandards or controls of different conditions or stages in ovariancancer are valuable tools in the early detection and monitoring ofovarian cancer.

In one embodiment, the compositions and methods allow the detection andmeasurement of the mRNA isoforms or mRNA or protein levels or ratios ofone or more “target” biomarkers of FIG. 1 in a biological sample, e.g.,a tissue sample such as a PAP smear or endometrial or ovarian biopsy.Diagnostic reagents that can detect and measure these target biomarkersand methods for evaluating the level or ratios of these targetbiomarkers vs. their level(s) in a variety of reference standards orcontrols of different conditions or stages in ovarian cancer arevaluable tools in the early detection and monitoring of ovarian cancer.

I. Definitions

“Patient” or “subject” as used herein means a female mammalian animal,including a human, a veterinary or farm animal, a domestic animal orpet, and animals normally used for clinical research. In one embodiment,the subject of these methods and compositions is a human.

By “biomarker” or “biomarker signature” as used herein is meant a singlemRNA or single protein or a combination of mRNAs and/or proteins orpeptide fragments thereof, the levels or relative levels or ratios ofwhich significantly change (either in an increased or decreased manner)from the level or relative levels present in a subject having onephysical condition or disease or disease stage from that of a referencestandard representative of another physical condition or disease stage.Throughout this specification, wherever a particular biomarker isidentified by name, it should be understood that the term “biomarker”includes those listed in FIGS. 4-5 . These biomarkers may be combined toform certain sets of biomarkers or ligands to biomarkers in diagnosticreagents. Still other “additional” biomarkers are mentioned specificallyherein in combination with the biomarkers of FIGS. 4-5 . Biomarkersdescribed in this specification include any physiological molecularforms, or modified physiological molecular forms, isoforms, pro-forms,and fragments thereof, unless otherwise specified. It is understood thatall molecular forms useful in this context are physiological, e.g.,naturally occurring in the species.

In one embodiment, at least one biomarker of FIGS. 4-5 forms a suitablebiomarker signature for use in the methods and compositions. In oneembodiment, at least two biomarkers form a suitable biomarker signaturefor use in the methods and compositions. In another embodiment, at leastthree biomarkers form a suitable biomarker signature for use in themethods and compositions. In another embodiment, at least fourbiomarkers form a suitable biomarker signature for use in the methodsand compositions. In another embodiment, at least five biomarkers form asuitable biomarker signature for use in the methods and compositions. Inanother embodiment, at least six biomarkers form a suitable biomarkersignature for use in the methods and compositions. In anotherembodiment, at least seven biomarkers form a suitable biomarkersignature for use in the methods and compositions. In anotherembodiment, at least eight biomarkers form a suitable biomarkersignature for use in the methods and compositions. In still furtherembodiments, at least 9, at least 10, at least 11, at least 12, at least13, at least 14, at least 15, at least 16, at least 17, or all of thebiomarkers of FIGS. 4-5 can be used alone or with additional biomarkers.

By “isoform” or “multiple molecular form” is meant an alternativeexpression product or variant of a single gene in a given species,including forms generated by alternative splicing, single nucleotidepolymorphisms, alternative promoter usage, alternative translationinitiation small genetic differences between alleles of the same gene,and posttranslational modifications (PTMs) of these sequences.

“Reference standard” as used herein refers to the source of thereference biomarker levels. The “reference standard” may be provided byusing the same assay technique as is used for measurement of thesubject's biomarker levels in the reference subject or population, toavoid any error in standardization. The reference standard is,alternatively, a numerical value, a predetermined cutpoint, a mean, anaverage, a numerical mean or range of numerical means, a numericalpattern, a ratio, a graphical pattern or a protein abundance profile orprotein level profile derived from the same biomarker or biomarkers in areference subject or reference population. In an embodiment, in whichexpression of nucleic acid sequences encoding the biomarkers is desiredto be evaluated, the reference standard can be an expression level ofone or more biomarkers or an expression profile.

“Reference subject” or “Reference Population” defines the source of thereference standard. In one embodiment, the reference is a human subjector a population of subjects having no ovarian cancer, i.e., healthycontrols or negative controls. In yet another embodiment, the referenceis a human subject or population of subjects with one or more clinicalindicators of ovarian cancer, but who did not develop ovarian cancer. Instill another embodiment, the reference is a human subject or apopulation of subjects having benign ovarian nodules or cysts. In stillanother embodiment, the reference is a human subject or a population ofsubjects who had ovarian cancer, following surgical removal of anovarian tumor. In another embodiment, the reference is a human subjector a population of subjects who had ovarian cancer and were evaluatedfor biomarker levels prior to surgical removal of an ovarian tumor.Similarly, in another embodiment, the reference is a human subject or apopulation of subjects evaluated for biomarker levels followingtherapeutic treatment for ovarian cancer. In still another embodiment,the reference is a human subject or a population of subjects prior totherapeutic treatment for an ovarian cancer. In still other embodimentsof methods described herein, the reference is obtained from the sametest subject who provided a temporally earlier biological sample. Thatsample can be pre- or post-therapy or pre- or post-surgery.

Other potential reference standards are obtained from a reference thatis a human subject or a population of subjects having early stageovarian cancer. In another embodiment the reference is a human subjector a population of subjects having advanced stage ovarian cancer. Instill another embodiment, the reference is a human subject or apopulation of subjects having a subtype of epithelial ovarian cancer. Instill another embodiment, the reference is a human subject or apopulation of subjects having serous ovarian cancer or serous papillaryadenocarcinoma. In still another embodiment, the reference is a humansubject or a population of subjects having mucinous ovarian cancer. Instill another embodiment, the reference is a human subject or apopulation of subjects having clear cell ovarian cancer. In stillanother embodiment, the reference is a subject or a population ofsubjects having endometrioid ovarian cancer. In another embodiment, thereference is a human subject or a population of subjects havingMullerian ovarian cancer. In another embodiment, the reference is ahuman subject or a population of subjects having undifferentiatedovarian cancer or an ovarian sarcoma. In another embodiment thereference standard is a combination of two or more of the abovereference standards.

“Sample” as used herein means any biological fluid or tissue thatpotentially contains the ovarian cancer biomarkers of FIGS. 4-5 . In oneembodiment, the samples may include biopsy tissue, tumor tissue,surgical tissue, circulating tumor cells, or other tissue. Such samplesmay further be diluted with saline, buffer or a physiologicallyacceptable diluent. Alternatively, such samples are concentrated byconventional means. In certain embodiments, e.g., those in whichexpression levels of nucleic acid sequences encoding the biomarkers aredesired to be evaluated, the samples may include biopsy tissue, surgicaltissue, circulating tumor cells, or other tissue. The degree of changein biomarker level may vary with each individual and is subject tovariation with each population. For example, in one embodiment, a largechange, e.g., 2-3 fold increase or decrease in levels of a small numberof biomarkers, e.g., from 1 to 9 characteristic biomarkers, isstatistically significant. In another embodiment, a smaller relativechange in 10 or more (i.e., about 10, 20, 24, 29, or 30 or morebiomarkers) is statistically significant. The degree of change in anybiomarker(s) expression varies with the condition, such as type ofovarian cancer and with the size or spread of the cancer or solid tumor.The degree of change also varies with the immune response of theindividual and is subject to variation with each individual. Forexample, in one embodiment of this disclosure, a change at or greaterthan a 1.2 fold increase or decrease in level of a biomarker or morethan two such biomarkers, or even 3 or more biomarkers, is statisticallysignificant. In another embodiment, a larger change, e.g., at or greaterthan a 1.5 fold, greater than 1.7 fold or greater than 2.0 fold increaseor a decrease in expression of a biomarker(s) is statisticallysignificant. This is particularly true for cancers without solid tumors.Still alternatively, if a single biomarker level is significantlyincreased in biological samples which normally do not contain measurablelevels of the biomarker, such increase in a single biomarker level mayalone be statistically significant. Conversely, if a single biomarkerlevel is normally decreased or not significantly measurable in certainbiological samples which normally do contain measurable levels of thebiomarker, such decrease in level of a single biomarker may alone bestatistically significant.

A change in level of a biomarker required for diagnosis or detection bythe methods described herein refers to a biomarker whose level isincreased or decreased in a subject having a condition or suffering froma disease, specifically ovarian cancer, relative to its expression in areference subject or reference standard. Biomarkers may also beincreased or decreased in level at different stages of the same diseaseor condition. The levels of specific biomarkers differ between normalsubjects and subjects suffering from a disease, benign ovarian nodules,or cancer, or between various stages of the same disease. Levels ofspecific biomarkers differ between pre-surgery and post-surgery patientswith ovarian cancer. Such differences in biomarker levels include bothquantitative, as well as qualitative, differences in the temporal orrelative level or abundance patterns among, for example, biologicalsamples of normal and diseased subjects, or among biological sampleswhich have undergone different disease events or disease stages. For thepurpose of this disclosure, a significant change in biomarker levelswhen compared to a reference standard is considered to be present whenthere is a statistically significant (p<0.05) difference in biomarkerlevel between the subject and reference standard or profile, orsignificantly different relative to a predetermined cut-point.

The term “ligand” refers, with regard to protein biomarkers, to amolecule that binds or complexes with a biomarker protein, molecularform or peptide, such as an antibody, antibody mimic or equivalent thatbinds to or complexes with a biomarker identified herein, a molecularform or fragment thereof. In certain embodiments, in which the biomarkerexpression is to be evaluated, the ligand can be a nucleotide sequence,e.g., polynucleotide or oligonucleotide, primer or probe.

As used herein, the term “antibody” refers to an intact immunoglobulinhaving two light and two heavy chains or fragments thereof capable ofbinding to a biomarker protein or a fragment of a biomarker protein.Thus a single isolated antibody or fragment may be a monoclonalantibody, a synthetic antibody, a recombinant antibody, a chimericantibody, a humanized antibody, or a human antibody. The term “antibodyfragment” refers to less than an intact antibody structure, including,without limitation, an isolated single antibody chain, an Fv construct,a Fab construct, an Fc construct, a light chain variable orcomplementarity determining region (CDR) sequence, etc.

As used herein, “labels” or “reporter molecules” are chemical orbiochemical moieties useful for labeling a ligand, e.g., amino acid,peptide sequence, protein, or antibody. “Labels” and “reportermolecules” include fluorescent agents, chemiluminescent agents,chromogenic agents, quenching agents, radionucleotides, enzymes,substrates, cofactors, inhibitors, radioactive isotopes, magneticparticles, and other moieties known in the art. “Labels” or “reportermolecules” are capable of generating a measurable signal and may becovalently or noncovalently joined to a ligand.

As used herein the term “cancer” refers to or describes thephysiological condition in mammals that is typically characterized byunregulated cell growth. More specifically, as used herein, the term“cancer” means any ovarian cancer. In one embodiment, the ovarian canceris an epithelial ovarian cancer or subtype as referred to in“conditions” above. In still an alternative embodiment, the cancer is an“early stage” (I or II) ovarian cancer. In still another embodiment, thecancer is a “late stage” (III or IV) ovarian cancer.

The term “tumor,” as used herein, refers to all neoplastic cell growthand proliferation, whether malignant or benign, and all pre-cancerousand cancerous cells and tissues.

The term “microarray” refers to an ordered arrangement ofbinding/complexing array elements, e.g., nucleic acid probes or ligands,e.g. antibodies, on a substrate.

By “significant change in expression” is meant an upregulation in theexpression level of a nucleic acid sequence, e.g., genes or transcript,encoding a selected biomarker, in comparison to the selected referencestandard or control: a downregulation in the expression level of anucleic acid sequence, e.g., genes or transcript, encoding a selectedbiomarker, in comparison to the selected reference standard or control;or a combination of a pattern or relative pattern of certain upregulatedand/or down regulated biomarker genes. The degree of change in biomarkerexpression can vary with each individual as stated above for proteinbiomarkers.

The term “polynucleotide,” when used in singular or plural form,generally refers to any polyribonucleotide or polydeoxyribonucleotide,which may be unmodified RNA or DNA or modified RNA or DNA. Thus, forinstance, polynucleotides as defined herein include, without limitation,single- and double-stranded DNA, DNA including single- anddouble-stranded regions, single- and double-stranded RNA, and RNAincluding single- and double-stranded regions, hybrid moleculescomprising DNA and RNA that may be single-stranded or, more typically,double-stranded or include single- and double-stranded regions. Inaddition, the term “polynucleotide” as used herein refers totriple-stranded regions comprising RNA or DNA or both RNA and DNA. Theterm “polynucleotide” specifically includes cDNAs. The term includesDNAs (including cDNAs) and RNAs that contain one or more modified bases.In general, the term “polynucleotide” embraces all chemically,enzymatically and/or metabolically modified forms of unmodifiedpolynucleotides, as well as the chemical forms of DNA and RNAcharacteristic of viruses and cells, including simple and complex cells.

The term “oligonucleotide” refers to a relatively short polynucleotideof less than 20 bases, including, without limitation, single-strandeddeoxyribonucleotides, single- or double-stranded ribonucleotides,RNA:DNA hybrids and double-stranded DNAs. Oligonucleotides, such assingle-stranded DNA probe oligonucleotides, are often synthesized bychemical methods, for example using automated oligonucleotidesynthesizers that are commercially available. However, oligonucleotidescan be made by a variety of other methods, including in vitrorecombinant DNA-mediated techniques and by expression of DNAs in cellsand organisms.

II. Biomarkers and Biomarker Signatures Useful in the Methods andCompositions

The “targets” of the compositions and methods of these disclosuresinclude, in one aspect, biomarkers listed in FIGS. 4-5 , optionally withother biomarkers identified herein, fragments, particularly uniquefragments thereof, and molecular forms thereof. In certain embodiments,superior diagnostic tests for diagnosing the existence of ovarian cancerutilize at least one of the ligands that bind or complex with one ofbiomarkers of FIGS. 4-5 , or one of the fragments or molecular formsthereof. In other embodiments, superior diagnostic tests fordistinguishing ovarian cancer from one of the conditions recited aboveutilize multiple ligands, each individually detecting a differentspecific target biomarker identified herein, or isoform, modified formor peptide thereof. In still other methods, no ligand is necessary.

III. Diagnostic Reagents, Devices and Kits A. Labeled or ImmobilizedBiomarkers or Peptides or Molecular Forms

In one embodiment, diagnostic reagents or devices for use in the methodsof diagnosing ovarian cancer include one or more biomarkers identifiedin FIGS. 4-5 optionally associated with a detectable label or portion ofa detectable label system. In another embodiment, a diagnostic reagentincludes one or more target biomarker or peptide fragment thereofidentified in FIGS. 4-5 , immobilized on a substrate. In still anotherembodiment, combinations of such labeled or immobilized biomarkers aresuitable reagents and components of a diagnostic kit or device.

Any combination of labeled or immobilized biomarkers can be assembled ina diagnostic kit or device for the purposes of diagnosing ovariancancer, such as those combinations of biomarkers discussed herein. Forthese reagents, the labels may be selected from among many knowndiagnostic labels. Similarly, the substrates for immobilization in adevice may be any of the common substrates, glass, plastic, amicroarray, a microfluidics card, a chip, a bead or a chamber.

B. Labeled or Immobilized Ligands that Bind or Complex with theBiomarkers

In another embodiment, the diagnostic reagent or device includes aligand that binds to or complexes with a biomarker shown in FIGS. 4-5 .In one embodiment, such a ligand desirably binds to a protein biomarkeror a unique peptide contained therein, and can be an antibody whichspecifically binds a single biomarker of FIG. 4 or 5 . Various forms ofantibody, e.g., polyclonal, monoclonal, recombinant, chimeric, as wellas fragments and components (e.g., CDRs, single chain variable regions,etc.) or antibody mimics or equivalents may be used in place ofantibodies. The ligand itself may be labeled or immobilized.

In another embodiment, suitable labeled or immobilized reagents includeat least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17 or 18 ormore ligands. Each ligand binds to or complexes with a single biomarkeror protein/peptide, fragment, or molecular form of the biomarker(s) ofFIGS. 4-5 . Any combination of labeled or immobilized biomarker ligandscan be assembled in a diagnostic kit or device for the purposes ofdiagnosing ovarian cancer.

Thus, a kit or device can contain multiple reagents or one or moreindividual reagents. For example, one embodiment of a compositionincludes a substrate upon which the biomarkers or ligands areimmobilized. In another embodiment, the kit also contains optionaldetectable labels, immobilization substrates, optional substrates forenzymatic labels, as well as other laboratory items.

The diagnostic reagents, devices, or kits compositions based on thebiomarkers of FIG. 4-5 , optionally associated with detectable labels,can be presented in the format of a microfluidics card, a chip orchamber, a bead or a kit adapted for use with assays formats such assandwich ELISAs, multiple protein assays, platform multiplex ELISAs,such as the BioRad Luminex platform, Mass spectrometry quantitativeassays, or PCR RT-PCR or Q PCR techniques. In one embodiment, a kitincludes multiple antibodies directed to bind to one or more of thecombinations of biomarkers described above, wherein the antibodies areassociated with detectable labels.

In one embodiment, the reagent ligands are nucleotide sequences, thediagnostic reagent is a polynucleotide or oligonucleotide sequence thathybridizes to gene, gene fragment, gene transcript or nucleotidesequence encoding a biomarker of FIGS. 4-5 or encoding a unique peptidethereof. Such a polynucleotide/oligonucleotide can be a probe or primer,and may itself be labeled or immobilized. In one embodiment,ligand-hybridizing polynucleotide or oligonucleotide reagent(s) are partof a primer-probe set, and the kit comprises both primer and probe. Eachsaid primer-probe set amplifies a different gene, gene fragment or geneexpression product that encodes a different biomarker of FIGS. 4-5 ,optionally including one or more additional known biomarkers, such asCA125, HE4, CLIC1, PRDX6, CTSD, CLIC4, IGFPB2 or LRG1. For use in thecompositions the PCR primers and probes may be designed based uponintron sequences present in the biomarker gene(s) to be amplifiedselected from the gene expression profile. The design of the primer andprobe sequences is within the skill of the art once the particular genetarget is selected. The particular methods selected for the primer andprobe design and the particular primer and probe sequences are notlimiting features of these compositions. A ready explanation of primerand probe design techniques available to those of skill in the art issummarized in U.S. Pat. No. 7,081,340, with reference to publicallyavailable tools such as DNA BLAST software, the Repeat Masker program(Baylor College of Medicine), Primer Express (Applied Biosystems): MGBassay-by-design (Applied Biosystems): Primer3 (Steve Rozen and Helen J.Skaletsky (2000) Primer3 on the WWW for general users and for biologistprogrammers and other publications.

In general, PCR primers and probes used in the compositions describedherein are generally 17-30 bases in length, and contain about 20-80%,such as, for example, about 50-60% G+C bases. Melting temperatures ofbetween 50 and 80.degree. C., e.g. about 50 to 70.degree. C. may bepreferred.

The selection of the ligands, biomarker sequences, their length,suitable labels and substrates used in the reagents and kits are routinedeterminations made by one of skill in the art in view of the teachingsherein of which biomarkers form signature suitable for the diagnosis ofovarian cancer.

Methods for Diagnosing or Monitoring Ovarian Cancer

In another embodiment, a method for diagnosing or detecting ormonitoring the progress of ovarian cancer in a subject comprises, orconsists of, a variety of steps.

A. Sample Preparation

The test sample is obtained from a human subject who is to undergo thetesting or treatment. The subject's sample can in one embodiment beprovided before initial diagnosis, so that the method is performed todiagnose the existence of an ovarian cancer. In another embodiment,depending upon the reference standard and markers used, the method isperformed to diagnose the stage of ovarian cancer. In anotherembodiment, depending upon the reference standard and markers used, themethod is performed to diagnose the type or subtype of ovarian cancerfrom the types and subtypes identified above. In another embodiment, thesubject's sample can be provided after a diagnosis, so that the methodis performed to monitor progression of an ovarian cancer. In anotherembodiment, the sample can be provided prior to surgical removal of anovarian tumor or prior to therapeutic treatment of a diagnosed ovariancancer and the method used to thereafter monitor the effect of thetreatment or surgery, and to check for relapse. In another embodiment,the sample can be provided following surgical removal of an ovariantumor or following therapeutic treatment of a diagnosed ovarian cancer,and the method performed to ascertain efficacy of treatment or relapse.In yet another embodiment the sample may be obtained from the subjectperiodically during therapeutic treatment for an ovarian cancer, and themethod employed to track efficacy of therapy or relapse. In yet anotherembodiment the sample may be obtained from the subject periodicallyduring therapeutic treatment to enable the physician to change therapiesor adjust dosages. In one or more of these embodiments, the subject'sown prior sample can be employed in the method as the referencestandard.

Where the sample is a fluid, e.g., blood, serum or plasma, obtaining thesample involves simply withdrawing and preparing the sample in thetraditional fashion for contact with the diagnostic reagent. Where thesample is a tissue or tumor sample, it may be prepared in theconventional manner for contact with the diagnostic reagent.

The method further involves contacting the sample obtained from a testsubject with a diagnostic reagent as described herein under conditionsthat permit the reagent to bind to or complex with one or morebiomarker(s) of FIGS. 4-5 which may be present in the sample. Thismethod may employ any of the suitable diagnostic reagents or kits orcompositions described above.

B. Measuring Biomarker Levels

Thereafter, a suitable assay is employed to detect or measure in thesample the p level (actual or relative) of one or more biomarker(s) ofFIGS. 4-5 . Alternatively, a suitable assay is employed to generate anabundance profile (actual or relative or ratios thereof) of multiplebiomarkers of FIGS. 4-5 from the sample or of multiple differentmolecular forms of the same biomarker or both.

The measurement of the biomarker(s) in the biological sample may employany suitable ligand, e.g., nucleic acid probe, RT-PCR, antibody,antibody mimic or equivalent (or antibody to any second biomarker) todetect the biomarker. For example, the binding portion of a biomarkerantibody may also be used in a diagnostic assay. As used herein, theterm “antibody” may also refer, where appropriate, to a mixture ofdifferent antibodies or antibody fragments that bind to the selectedbiomarker. Such different antibodies may bind to different biomarkers ordifferent portions of the same biomarker protein than the otherantibodies in the mixture. Such differences in antibodies used in theassay may be reflected in the CDR sequences of the variable regions ofthe antibodies. Such differences may also be generated by the antibodybackbone, for example, if the antibody itself is a non-human antibodycontaining a human CDR sequence, or a chimeric antibody or some otherrecombinant antibody fragment containing sequences from a non-humansource. Antibodies or fragments useful in the method may be generatedsynthetically or recombinantly, using conventional techniques or may beisolated and purified from plasma or further manipulated to increase thebinding affinity thereof. It should be understood that any antibody,antibody fragment, or mixture thereof that binds one of the biomarkersof FIGS. 4-5 or a particular sequence of the selected biomarker asdefined in FIGS. 4-5 may be employed in the methods described herein,regardless of how the antibody or mixture of antibodies was generated.

Similarly, the antibodies may be tagged or labeled with reagents capableof providing a detectable signal, depending upon the assay formatemployed. Such labels are capable, alone or in concert with othercompositions or compounds, of providing a detectable signal. Where morethan one antibody is employed in a diagnostic method, e.g., such as in asandwich ELISA, the labels are desirably interactive to produce adetectable signal. In one embodiment, the label is detectable visually,e.g. colorimetrically. A variety of enzyme systems operate to reveal acolorimetric signal in an assay, e.g., glucose oxidase (which usesglucose as a substrate) releases peroxide as a product that in thepresence of peroxidase and a hydrogen donor such as tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) produces an oxidized TMB that is seen as a blue color.Other examples include horseradish peroxidase (HRP) or alkalinephosphatase (AP), and hexokinase in conjunction with glucose-6-phosphatedehydrogenase that reacts with ATP, glucose, and NAD+ to yield, amongother products, NADH that is detected as increased absorbance at 340 nmwavelength.

Other label systems that may be utilized in the methods and devices ofthis disclosure are detectable by other means, e.g., colored latexmicroparticles (Bangs Laboratories, Indiana) in which a dye is embeddedmay be used in place of enzymes to provide a visual signal indicative ofthe presence of the resulting selected biomarker-antibody complex inapplicable assays. Still other labels include fluorescent compounds,radioactive compounds or elements. In one embodiment, an anti-biomarkerantibody is associated with, or conjugated to a fluorescent detectablefluorochrome, e.g., fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC), phycoerythrin(PE), allophycocyanin (APC), coriphosphine-O (CPO) or tandem dyes.PE-cyanin-5 (PC5), and PE-Texas Red (ECD). Commonly used fluorochromesinclude fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC), phycoerythrin (PE),allophycocyanin (APC), and also include the tandem dyes, PE-cyanin-5(PC5), PE-cyanin-7 (PC7), PE-cyanin-5.5, PE-Texas Red (ECD), rhodamine,PerCP, fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) and Alexa dyes. Combinations ofsuch labels, such as Texas Red and rhodamine, FITC+PE, FITC+PECy5 andPE+PECy7, among others may be used depending upon assay method.

Detectable labels for attachment to antibodies useful in diagnosticassays and devices of this disclosure may be easily selected from amongnumerous compositions known and readily available to one skilled in theart of diagnostic assays. The biomarker-antibodies or fragments usefulin this disclosure are not limited by the particular detectable label orlabel system employed. Thus, selection and/or generation of suitablebiomarker antibodies with optional labels for use in this disclosure iswithin the skill of the art, provided with this specification, thedocuments incorporated herein, and the conventional teachings ofimmunology.

Similarly the particular assay format used to measure the selectedbiomarker in a biological sample may be selected from among a wide rangeof protein assays, such as described in the examples below. Suitableassays include enzyme-linked immunoassays, sandwich immunoassays,homogeneous assays, immunohistochemistry formats, or other conventionalassay formats. In one embodiment, a serum/plasma sandwich ELISA isemployed in the method. In another embodiment, a mass spectrometry-basedassay is employed. In another embodiment, a MRM assay is employed, inwhich antibodies are used to enrich the biomarker in a manner analogousto the capture antibody in sandwich ELISAs.

One of skill in the art may readily select from any number ofconventional immunoassay formats to perform this disclosure.

Other reagents for the detection of protein in biological samples, suchas peptide mimetics, synthetic chemical compounds capable of detectingthe selected biomarker may be used in other assay formats for thequantitative detection of biomarker protein in biological samples, suchas high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), immunohistochemistry,etc.

Employing ligand binding to the biomarker proteins or multiplebiomarkers forming the signature enables more precise quantitativeassays, as illustrated by the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) massspectrometry (MS) assays. As an alternative to specific peptide-basedMRM-MS assays that can distinguish specific protein isoforms andproteolytic fragments, the knowledge of specific molecular forms ofbiomarkers allows more accurate antibody-based assays, such as sandwichELISA assays or their equivalent. Frequently, the isoform specificityand the protein domain specificity of immune reagents used inpre-clinical (and some clinical) diagnostic tests are not well defined.MRM-MS assays were used to quantitative the levels of a number of thelow abundance biomarkers in samples, as discussed in the examples.

In one embodiment, suitable assays for use in these methods includeimmunoassays using antibodies or ligands to the above-identifiedbiomarkers and biomarker signatures. In another embodiment, a suitableassay includes a multiplexed MRM based assay for two more biomarkersthat include one or more of the proteins/unique peptides in FIGS. 4-5 .It is anticipated that ultimately the platform most likely to be used inclinical assays will be multi-plexed or parallel sandwich ELISA assaysor their equivalent, primarily because this platform is the technologymost commonly used to quantify blood proteins in clinical laboratories.MRM MS assays may continue to be used productively to help evaluate theisoform/molecular form specificity of any existing immunoassays or thosedeveloped in the future.

C. Detection of a Change in Biomarker Abundance Level and Diagnosis

The level of the one or more biomarker(s) in the subject's sample or theprotein abundance profile of multiple said biomarkers as detected by theuse of the assays described above is then compared with the level of thesame biomarker or biomarkers in a reference standard or referenceprofile. In one embodiment, the comparing step of the method isperformed by a computer processor or computer-programmed instrument thatgenerates numerical or graphical data useful in the appropriatediagnosis of the condition. Optionally, the comparison may be performedmanually.

The detection or observation of a change in the level of a biomarker orbiomarkers in the subject's sample from the same biomarker or biomarkersin the reference standard can indicate an appropriate diagnosis. Anappropriate diagnosis can be identifying a risk of developing ovariancancer, a diagnosis of ovarian cancer (or stage or type thereof), adiagnosis or detection of the status of progression or remission ofovarian cancer in the subject following therapy or surgery, adetermination of the need for a change in therapy or dosage oftherapeutic agent. The method is thus useful for early diagnosis ofdisease, for monitoring response or relapse after initial diagnosis andtreatment or to predict clinical outcome or determine the best clinicaltreatment for the subject.

In one embodiment, the change in level of each biomarker can involve anincrease of a biomarker or multiple biomarkers in comparison to thespecific reference standard. In one embodiment, a selection or all ofthe biomarkers of FIGS. 4-5 are increased in a subject sample from apatient having ovarian cancer when compared to the levels of thesebiomarkers from a healthy reference standard. In another embodiment, aselection or all of the biomarkers of FIGS. 4-5 are increased in asubject sample from a patient having ovarian cancer prior to therapy orsurgery, when compared to the levels of these biomarkers from apost-surgery or post-therapy reference standard.

In another embodiment, the change in p level of each biomarker caninvolve a decrease of a biomarker or multiple biomarkers in comparisonto the specific reference standard. In one embodiment, a selection orall of the biomarkers of FIGS. 4-5 are decreased in a subject samplefrom a patient having ovarian cancer following surgical removal of atumor or following chemotherapy/radiation when compared to the levels ofthese biomarkers from a pre-surgery/pre-therapy ovarian cancer referencestandard or a reference standard which is a sample obtained from thesame subject pre-surgery or pre-therapy. In still other embodiments, thechanges in levels of the biomarkers may be altered in characteristicways if the reference standard is a particular type of ovarian cancer,e.g., serous, epithelial, mucinous or clear cell, or if the referencestandard is derived from benign ovarian cysts or nodules.

The results of the methods and use of the compositions described hereinmay be used in conjunction with clinical risk factors to help physiciansmake more accurate decisions about how to manage patients with ovariancancers. Another advantage of these methods and compositions is thatdiagnosis may occur earlier than with more invasive diagnostic measures.

D. Exemplary Embodiment

In one embodiment, the method of diagnosis or risk of diagnosis involvesusing the nucleic acid hybridizing reagent ligands described above todetect a significant change in expression level of the subject's samplebiomarker or biomarkers from that in a reference standard or referenceexpression profile which indicates a diagnosis, risk, or the status ofprogression or remission of ovarian cancer in the subject. These methodsmay be performed in other biological samples, e.g., biopsy tissuesamples, tissue removed by surgery, or tumor cell samples, includingcirculating tumor cells isolated from the blood, to detect or analyze arisk of developing an ovarian cancer, as well as a diagnosis of same.Such methods are also known in the art and include contacting a sampleobtained from a test subject with a diagnostic reagent comprising aligand which is a nucleotide sequence capable of hybridizing to anucleic acid sequence encoding a biomarker of FIGS. 4-5 , said ligandassociated with a detectable label or with a substrate. Thereafter onewould detect or measure in the sample or from an expression profilegenerated from the sample, the expression levels of one or more of thebiomarkers or ratios thereof. The expression level(s) of thebiomarker(s) in the subject's sample or from an expression profile orratio of multiple said biomarkers are then compared with the expressionlevel of the same biomarker or biomarkers in a reference standard. Asignificant change in expression level of the subject's sample biomarkeror biomarkers from that in the reference standard indicates a diagnosis,risk, or the status of progression or remission of ovarian cancer in thesubject.

Suitable assay methods include methods based on hybridization analysisof polynucleotides, methods based on sequencing of polynucleotides,proteomics-based methods or immunochemistry techniques. The mostcommonly used methods known in the art for the quantification of mRNAexpression in a sample include northern blotting and in situhybridization; RNAse protection assays: and PCR-based methods, such asreverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) or qPCR.Alternatively, antibodies may be employed that can recognize specificDNA-protein duplexes. The methods described herein are not limited bythe particular techniques selected to perform them. Exemplary commercialproducts for generation of reagents or performance of assays includeTRI-REAGENT, Qiagen RNeasy mini-columns, MASTERPURE Complete DNA and RNAPurification Kit (EPICENTRE®, Madison, Wis.), Paraffin Block RNAIsolation Kit (Ambion, Inc.) and RNA Stat-60 (Tel-Test), theMassARRAY-based method (Sequenom, Inc., San Diego, Calif.), differentialdisplay, amplified fragment length polymorphism (iAFLP), and BeadArray™technology (Illumina, San Diego, Calif.) using the commerciallyavailable Luminex100 LabMAP system and multiple color-coded microspheres(Luminex Corp., Austin, Tex.) and high coverage expression profiling(HiCEP) analysis. The comparison of the quantitative or relativeexpression levels of the biomarkers may be done analogously to thatdescribed above for the comparison of protein levels of biomarkers.

Thus, the various methods, devices and steps described above can beutilized in an initial diagnosis of ovarian cancer or other ovariancondition, as well as in clinical management of patients with ovariancancer after initial diagnosis. Uses in clinical management of thevarious devices, reagents and assay methods, include without limitation,monitoring for reoccurrence of disease or monitoring remission orprogression of the cancer and either before, during or after therapeuticor surgical intervention, selecting among therapeutic protocols forindividual patients, monitoring for development of toxicity or othercomplications of therapy, and predicting development of therapeuticresistance.

The invention will be further described by the following non-limitingexamples.

Example 1

Methods and Materials

RNA-seq bioinformatics. We created a custom isoform model database bymerging the six major isoform model databases available worldwide. Weused the set of all isoform splice junctions from our custom databaseand lenient parameterizations to perform highly sensitive genome-widealignment of RNA-seq paired-end reads. We then performed analignment-filtering step to remove spurious alignments that can begenerated by using lenient parameterization. To filter, we analyzed eachread pair alignment to determine whether or not its implied cDNAfragment was a contiguous subsequence of any mRNA isoform(s). We thenuse the filtered read alignments to compute the subset of our customisoform model database that most parsimoniously accounted for thefiltered alignments. In effect, we created a tailored isoform modeldatabase for each RNA-seq data set. Finally, we converted read pairgenome alignments to transcriptome alignments and explicitly used thestrict correspondence between read pairs and isoforms to computeisoform-level expression.

RT-aPCR.

We performed RT-qPCR experiments according to MIQE guidelines (Bustin etal., 2009), which among other criteria include the use of multiplereferences for inter-sample comparison and the calculation of PCRreaction efficiencies for quantification. Tumor RNA was obtained fromthe UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center Biorepository and commercially(Origene). Normal tissue RNA was obtained commercially (Biochain).

Primary RNA-Seq Data

The primary data for the study consisted of the RNA-seq data generatedby TCGA for high-grade ovarian serous cystadenocarcinoma (OV) and by theGTEx project for 43 different, non-diseased normal tissues. TCGA hasgenerated RNA-seq data sets for 420 OV samples, but many of them havebeen redacted or are from replicate aliquots. Table 1 from the Oct. 10,2013 GDAC Summary Report(http://gdac.broadinstitute.org/runs/stddata_2013_10_10/samples_reportdOV.html)was used to identify the non-redacted samples and the best single samplefrom replicate aliquots. This curation resulted in 296 samples, forwhich the raw RNA-seq paired-end read data was downloaded for the study.All of the 1,839 RNA-seq data sets available from GTEx as of Jun. 1,2013 were used. All of the available paired-end read data specified inthe file “SraRunTable_4-15-2013.txt” that was obtained from the SRA RunSelector page on the dbGap (3) website for the GTEx project wasdownloaded.

RNA-Seq Bioinformatics Pipeline

Stage One—Consolidated Isoform Model Database.

A merged, nonredundant set of gene isoform models was created by firstcombining the isoform models from the “ncbi_37_Aug10” version of Aceview(4), the version of RefSeq available on Dec. 7, 2012 for GRCh37.p10, theversion of UCSC Known Genes for hg19 available on Dec. 8, 2012, version14 of Gencode, the Human lincRNA Catalog, and version 8.3 of theH-invitational database. We then used the “cuffcompare” program fromversion 0.9.3 of the Cufflinks software package to make the setnonredundant.

Stage Two—Paired End Read Duplicate Removal and Genome Alignment.

For each RNA-seq data set, all but one read pair in each group of readpairs that were identical in both the left and right read was removed.The resulting set of read pairs was aligned to version hg19 of the humangenome reference sequence using STAR. STAR was supplied with the set ofall splice junctions in the isoform model database from Stage One andused the following non-default parameter settings: —outStdSAM—outSAMstrandField intronMotif—alignSJDBoverhangMin1—outFilterMismatchNmax 5—readFilesCommand zcat—seedSearchStartLmax12—alignSplicedMateMapLminOverLmate 0.08—outFilterScoreMinOverLread0.08—outFilterMatchNminOverLread 0.08—outFilterMultimapNmax100—outFilterlntronMotifsRemoveNoncanonicalUnannotated—outSJfilterOverhangMin 12 6 6 6.

Stage Three—Read Pair Consistency Analysis and Isoform Selection.

Software was developed to evaluate each read pair alignment togetherwith each mRNA isoform to which it aligns and to determine at nucleotideresolution whether the RNA fragment implied by the read pair was astrict subsequence of the mRNA isoform nucleotide sequence. From thisconsistency analysis we constructed a bi-partite graph linking isoformsto consistent read pairs. Read pairs not consistent with any isoformwere not included in the bipartite graph and were excluded from furtheruse. To identify the isoforms expressed at a genomic locus, thebi-partite graph and a custom implementation of a greedy solution to theset covering problem were used to determine the set of isoforms thatmost parsimoniously accounted for all of the filtered read alignments.The results of this stage were 1) a set of paired end read alignmentsthat were basepair level consistent with one or more isoforms and 2) thesubset of isoforms that could completely and most parsimoniously accountfor them.

Stage Four—Calculation of Isoform Expression Levels.

eXpress software package were used to estimate isoform expressionlevels. The eXpress software requires two input files: a fasta file withmRNA isoform nucleotide sequences and a BAM file with paired end readalignments in transcriptome (i.e., isoform specific) coordinates. Sinceread alignments generated in Stage Three were in genomic coordinates,the UBU software (https://github.com/mozack/ubu) was downloaded andmodified to convert the genomic alignment coordinates of each filteredread pair from Stage Three to isoform coordinates for each isoform towhich the read pair was found to be basepair-level consistent. The inputfasta file was generated by including only nucleotide sequences forthose isoforms constituting the parsimonious set from Stage Three. Theonly non-default parameter setting was “-max-indel-size 20”.

RT-qPCR

Automated Design of PCR Primers for mRNA Isoforms.

Using Primer3 (Untergasser et al., 2012) at its core, automated softwarewas developed to design PCR primers that would only amplify a productfor a target isoform. For a target isoform, the software first extractedall isoforms in the consolidated isoform model database at the samegenomic locus. This set of isoforms was then used to identify 1) allsingle splice junctions, 2) all pairs of (not necessarily adjacent)splice junctions, and 3) all splice junction-unique exonic regioncombinations that were unique to the target isoform. The software thenconstructed parameterizations that instructed Primer3 how to search forprimers for each of these three cases. For single splice junctions,Primer3 attempts to find a) primer pairs that enclose but do not overlapthe splice junction and b) primer pairs in which one of the primersoverlaps the splice junction. For pairs of splice junctions. Primer3attempts to find a) primer pairs that surround but do not overlap eithersplice junction, b) primer pairs in which only one primer overlaps asplice junction, and c) primer pairs in which each primer overlaps oneof the splice junctions. For splice junction-exonic region pairs,Primer3 attempts to find a) primer pairs that surround but do notoverlap either the splice junction or the exonic region, b) primer pairsin which only one primer overlaps either the splice junction or theunique exonic region, and c) primer pairs in which one primer overlapsthe splice junction and the other overlaps the exonic region. Theseparameterizations were set on a case-by-case basis through the Primer3arguments

SEQUENCE_PRIMER_PAIR_OK_REGION_LIST,

SEQUENCE_OVERLAP_JUNCTION_LIST,

PRIMER_MIN_LEFT_THREE_PRIME_DISTANCE,

PRIMER_MIN_RIGHT_THREE_PRIME_DISTANCE. The following Primer3 parametersettings were constant for every case: PRIMER_TASK=“generic”,

PRIMER_EXPLAIN_FLAG=1, PRIMER_OPT_SIZE=18, PRIMER_MIN_SIZE=18,

PRIMER_MAX_SIZE=23, PRIMER_PRODUCT_OPT_SIZE=100,

PRIMER_PRODUCT_SIZE_RANGE=60-450, PRIMER_PAIR_MAX_DIFF_TM=3,

PRIMER_MIN_TM=58, PRIMER_MAX_TM=62. PRIMER_OPT_TM=60,

PRIMER_SALT_DIVALENT=2.5, PRIMER_DNTP_CONC=0.8.

Until a suitable primer pair is found, the software evaluated the primerpairs returned by Primer3 above in rank order of smallest Primer3penalty. For the evaluation, it first used the nearest-neighborthermodynamics based PCR primer specificity checking programMFEPrimer-2.0 (Qu et al., 2012) to verify that only the one intendedproduct was amplified when using the human genome reference sequence andour consolidated transcriptome database as the template. For primerpairs that passed this specificity evaluation step, the software thenqueried the uMelt webserver (Dwight et al., 2011) to verify that the PCRproduct would produce only one peak in a melt curve analysis. The firstprimer pair that passed the amplification specificity and melt curveevaluations was used to define the product that was specific to thetarget mRNA isoform.

High-Throughput qPCR.

All qPCR experiments were performed in 384-well plates and with a totalreaction volume of 10 uL. PCR primer oligo (IDTDNA) molarity was 300 nMand the template cDNA concentration was 10 ng/uL. Experiments wereperformed on Roche LightCycler 480 for 35 cycles. The KAPA SYBR FASTqPCR kit optimized for the LightCycler 480 was used and the instrumentwas programmed according to KAPA recommendations. The primer annealingtemperature was 54° C. Upon completion of a qPCR experiment, we exportedthe raw amplification and melting data to a text file.

qPCR software for analysis, quality control, and expressionquantification. To calculate the efficiency of a PCR reaction, first theamplification curve was baseline adjusted to zero fluorescence intensityunits at cycle 2. Next, simultaneously the amplification curve wassmooth and its second derivative calculated using a Savitzky-Golayfilter (Savitzky et al., 1964) with order 5 and window size 7. Then thecycle corresponding to the maximum of the second derivative wascomputed, and it and the three preceding cycles (for a total of fourcycles) was used to define the exponential region of the amplificationcurve. Finally, an implementation of the taking-difference linearregression method (Rao et al., 2013) was used to compute reactionefficiency. To determine the quantification cycle, C_(q), for each curvein a 384-well plate experiment, the value of fluorescence intensity thatwas most commonly included in the exponential regions of the wells thatwere not no-template-control wells was determined. This fluorescenceintensity was defined as the threshold intensity, N_(q). The C_(q) valuefor each reaction was than set as the fractional cycle value at whichthe well's amplification curve equals Nq. C_(q)=3⁷ was set foramplification curves that did not reach N_(q).

Genome-Wide Search Evaluation, and Selection of Reference Amplicons.

Stably expressed reference amplicons are a critical component of a qPCRexperiment. To identify the most stably-expressed reference ampliconsfor the study the consolidated isoform model database was used toidentify 2,201,622 splice junctions and splice junction pairs that wouldgive rise to a single, unique amplicon <450 bp from any number ofunderlying isoforms. For each splice junction/splice junction pair, thesum of the underlying isoforms' expression values in each of the 295tumor and 1839 normal tissue RNA-seq data sets used was computed. Next,the mean expression and the coefficient of variation (CoV) correspondingto each splice junction/splice junction pair for each of the 44 tissuetypes (1 tumor plus 43 normal) were computed. Finally, the CoV valuesfor each splice junction/splice junction pair were summed across the 44tissue types and ranked the sums from smallest to largest. From thisfinal ranking of the most stably expressed reference amplicons, the 16top-ranked reference amplicons that did not originate from standard“reference genes” and the 16 top-ranked that did were selected. (Thesymbols of the standard reference genes are ACTB, B2M, GAPDH, GUSB,HPRT1, HSP90AB1, LDHA, NONO, PGK1, PPIA, PPIH, RPLP0, RPLP1, SDHA, TBP,TFRC.) After using the primer design software to design primers for the32 candidate reference amplicons (see Table 1), qPCR was performed withthree ovarian tumor samples (UC San Diego Moores Cancer CenterBiorepository) and three normal tissues (heart, liver, kidney; Biochain)and used the resulting expression values as input into our customimplementation of the geNorm algorithm (Hellemans et al., 2007). Fromthe output of geNorm (see Supplemental FIG. 4 ), the three most stablyexpressed amplicons (annotated as references in Table 2) were selected.

TABLE 1 PCR primers for reference amplicon experiments Gene Fwd RevSymbol Len T_(m) T_(m) Forward Primer Reverse Primer SLC25A37 223 59.960.1 TCGGTGAAGAGACAGG GAACTCCTTCGGTCCG GTCT (SEQ ID NO: 1)CAT (SEQ ID NO: 2) AF011889.4 215 59.8 59.8 GCTGGAGATGAGACCCCAGGTGTCCTCCCTCC AGC (SEQ ID NO: 3) CA (SEQ ID NO: 4) WWC2 212 58.4 59.6GCTGACTTTGAAGACT ACCTGGGCGGTCTCT ATGTGGA (SEQ ID ACA (SEQ ID NO: 6)NO: 5) METAP1D 195 60.4 59.1 TGACCGACGCCAACAT CTGAAGAAACTGCAGGG (SEQ ID NO: 7) CCGG (SEQ ID NO: 8) ZNF542 237 57 58.7CAGTAATGGGATGAGT TGAAATATCCTGGCA GACATTC (SEQ ID ATGGGC (SEQ ID NO: 9)NO: 10) COX18 173 57.5 59.6 AGAGATGCCAGGCTCA TCTGAATGTGCTGCCCT (SEQ ID NO: 11) CCC (SEQ ID NO: 12) SYNRG 203 60.4 60.6CAGTGGGTGGAGCTGC AGGGGCACTGTTTCC AG (SEQ ID NO: 13) ATGC (SEQ ID NO: 14)DHX38 170 58.8 60.0 TCAGCAAGACCCCACA AGGCGCGTTCTCCAG GG (SEQ ID NO: 15)TTC (SEQ ID NO: 16) EIF2B5 127 59.6 59.6 CTGTGGCAGGGTGTTCCCACGACCACCTGGG GA (SEQ ID NO: 17) AAG (SEQ ID NO: 18) SIRT2 179 59.960.0 TGCAGGAGGCTCAGGA ACAGCGTTCGCTCTG CT (SEQ ID NO: 19)CAT (SEQ ID NO: 20) RBM17 127 59.9 60.1 ACATGGTTGGTGCGGG ACTGCTTCATCATCAAG (SEQ ID NO: 21) GGGGC (SEQ ID NO: 22) ANAPC7 113 59.9 59.66AAGCCCTGACCCAAAG AGCCAGTGCGTTCCT GC (SEQ ID NO: 23) CAG (SEQ ID NO: 24)MRPS5 118 59.2 60.3 TTGGGGAGGCAGTGTT TGGCGTAGGGATGGG CC (SEQ ID NO: 25)TGT (SEQ ID NO: 26) HSPA9 120 59.6 59.7 TCCGTGCCTCCAATGG TGTGCCCCAAGTAATTG (SEQ ID NO: 27) TTTCTGC (SEQ ID NO: 28) PSMD4 205 59.9 58.6GCTGACCACACTCACC AGCCAGTTTCACCAG CC (SEQ ID NO: 29)ATCCT (SEQ ID NO: 30) TCP1 125 59.5 57.4 TGGTGCAACCATCCTGCTGCTGCAATAATAA AAG (SEQ ID NO: 31) CCACTGAA (SEQ ID NO: 32) TBP 12658.7 59.7 TTAACAGGTGCTAAAG AAAGAAGGGGGTGG TCAGAGC (SEQ IDGGGA (SEQ ID NO: 34) NO: 33) PGK1 223 57.4 59.2 CGTTATGAGAGTCGACAACATCCTTGCCCAG TTCAATG (SEQ ID CAGA (SEQ ID NO: 36) NO: 35) HSP90AB1136 60.1 59.24 CTCGTCGGGCTCCCTTT ACCACACCACGGATA G (SEQ ID NO: 37)AAATTGAG (SEQ ID NO: 38) LDHA 114 60.0 59.5 GCCCGAACTGCAAGTTCCAGATTGCAACCGC GC (SEQ ID NO: 39) TTCC (SEQ ID NO: 40) GAPDH 172 60.359.9 AAGGTGGTGAAGCAGG CGTTGTCATACCAGG CG (SEQ ID NO: 41)AAATGAGC (SEQ ID NO: 42) GUSB 168 59.0 60.4 TTGCAGGGTTTCACCAGCACTCTCGTCGGTG GGA (SEQ ID NO: 43) ACTG (SEQ ID NO: 44) SDHA 263 59.160.3 TGGCACTGGGAAGGTC GGTTCCTGGCAAGCT AC (SEQ ID NO: 45)CCC (SEQ ID NO: 46) HPRT1 110 59.4 59.0 TGCTTTCCTTGGTCAGGTTCAAATCCAACAAA CA (SEQ ID NO: 47) GTCTGGCT (SEQ ID NO: 48) ACTB 14259.7 59.5 CAAGAGATGGCCACGG AGGACTCCATGCCCA CT (SEQ ID NO: 49)GGA (SEQ ID NO: 50) TERC 173 60.1 59.8 CTGCAGAGGTCGCTGG TCCACGAGCAGAATATC (SEQ ID NO: 51) CAGCC (SEQ ID NO: 52) RPLPO 137 59.9 59.8TGCCAGTGTCTGTCTG AGGCCTTGACCTTTTC CAG (SEQ ID NO: 53)AGCA (SEQ ID NO: 54) NONO 187 60.2 58.9 GCACAGCCTGGCTCCT GGCGCCTCATCAAATTT (SEQ ID NO: 55) CCTG (SEQ ID NO: 56) PPIA 108 60.0 59.8AAAGCATACGGGTCCT TGCTTGCCATCCAAC GGC (SEQ ID NO: 57)CACT (SEQ ID NO: 58) PPIH 101 59.1 58.9 TGGCCGCATGAAGATCTTGGAACCCCATCTTT GA (SEQ ID NO: 59) CCTGA (SEQ ID NO: 60) RPLP1 100 60.159.7 CAATGTAGGGGCCGGT CACTTTCTTCTCCCTCA GG (SEQ ID NO: 61)GCTGGA (SEQ ID NO: 62) B2M 272 59.0 60.7 TAGGCTCGTCCCAAAGGGTTCACACGGCAGG GC (SEQ ID NO: 63) CAT (SEQ ID NO: 64)

TABLE 2 PCR primers for isoforms in FIG. 4. Gene Fwd Rev Symbol IsoformLen T_(m) T_(m) Forward Primer Reverse Primer WFDC2 ENST00000 146 6059.3 TTGCTGGAGCTG GGAACCCTCCTT 462062 CAGTCT (SEQ ID ATCTTGGTTC (SEQNO: 65) ID NO: 66) RP11- ENST00000  99 58.4 60.0 ACACAATGTGTCAGCTGCCCATTC 3J1.1 505347 CTAGAAGAAGA GACTGT (SEQ ID (SEQ ID NO: 67)NO: 68) TMPRSS3 ENST00000  77 59.8 59.4 GCCCCCTTCTCA GCAGCAACAGC 398405TTCCGA (SEQ ID ATCTGGT (SEQ NO: 69) ID NO: 70) CTD- ENST00000 169 6059.8 CTGGGCCTGAAG AGGGTGTCCAG 2616J11 574814 GGAACA (SEQ ID GCGTATG (SEQNO: 71) ID NO: 72) ETV4 1Aug10 200 59.9 60.7 GGCGAGCAGTGC CGCACCCGGTGCTTTAC (SEQ ID ACATCTAT (SEQ NO: 73) ID NO: 74) PRAME gAug10 171 59.960.2 GGCGTGAATGCG TGCCACGCACG TGGATT (SEQ ID TGTTTTT (SEQ NO: 75)ID NO: 76) huhare fAug10 269 60.2 59.9 GCCGTGGTGGTG CACATCACTGGTATTGC (SEQ ID GCGTTCG (SEQ NO: 77) ID NO: 78) SPC24 ENST00000 106 59.860.1 GCTGCTGGAAAC CTGTCGCTCCTG 429831 GCAAGA (SEQ ID CTCCTT (SEQ IDNO: 79) NO: 80) PTH2R ENST00000 174 60.0 60 AGGTTCCTTGAA CACTGTTCCTCT413482 CAGCTGGA (SEQ GGGCCA (SEQ ID ID NO: 81) NO: 82) VTCN1 ENST00000284 59.1 60.0 GCTGACCTCGCG CTGTCCGGCCTC 359008 CATAAT (SEQ IDTGAACA (SEQ ID NO: 83) NO: 84) SLC44A4 ENST00000 114 60.1 59.9TCACTGTCGCCC CGCTGATCCCCT 414427 AGAAGG (SEQ ID GCTGTA (SEQ ID NO: 85)NO: 86) ESR1 ENST00000 332 60.6 58.2 CCGGCATTCTAC TCCACAAAGCC 456483AGGCCA (SEQ ID ACCTTTCA (SEQ NO: 87) ID NO: 88) TNFRSF8 ENST00000 12159.8 59.9 GCCTTCCCACAG ACTGCTGTGTCG 263932 GATCGA (SEQ ID GGAACA (SEQ IDNO: 89) NO: 90) VASN HIT000304 420 60.6 60 CCTATCGGGCCC TGTAGGGCTTTG 576TGTTGG (SEQ ID CGTGGA (SEQ ID NO: 91) NO: 92) MYLPF ENST00000 110 6060.1 ACCAGGAACCCA GCCCACATGTTC 563728 ATCGCA (SEQ ID TTGATCTCC NO: 93)(SEQ ID NO: 94) FOXM1 1Aug10 150 60.1 60 CGGCCTCAAACC GGCTCCTCAACCAAACC (SEQ ID CACAGGT (SEQ NO: 95) ID NO: 96) FOXM1 ENST00000 234 59.960.0 GTCCCCCTGCTC TCCCCTCCTCAG 536066 CTGATC (SEQ ID CTAGCA (SEQ IDNO: 97) NO: 98) C19orf53 ENST00000 158 59.9 58.4 CCCAAGAAAAGACTTCTAGGTTC 588841 GCGGTAAGG TTCTTGAGCTT (SEQ ID NO: 99)(SEQ ID NO: 100) CD9 iAug10 146 59.8 59.9 GGGGTCAGCGG GCAAGGACAGCGACTTTA (SEQ AATCCCG (SEQ ID NO: 101) ID NO: 102) RAB11FIP4 ENST00000 94 59.8 59.8 GCCTGGGAGGTC CATCAGCAAAG 578694 GTGTTA (SEQ IDGTGGGGC (SEQ NO: 103) ID NO: 104) CHODL ENST00000  96 59.0 60.2TGAGCCAATTCC GAATCAACGTG 465099 CTGGAGA (SEQ CTGGCCC (SEQ ID NO: 105)ID NO: 106) AURKA sAug10 257 60 59.8 ACTTGGGTCCTT TGCACTCCAGCGGGTCG (SEQ ID CTCTAGC (SEQ NO: 107) ID NO: 108) CDCA5 ENST00000 21858.9 60,0 GAACCTGCCCAC GGTCACTGCAG 529290 CTTATTGT (SEQ GCAGAGA (SEQID NO: 109) ID NO: 110) CDH24 uc001wil 167 59.2 60 TACAGAGCTCGGTCTGGATGGCC CTGGAG (SEQ ID ACTTGCA (SEQ NO: 111) ID NO: 112) FGFRL1fAug10 428 60.2 60 GCTCCTCTGGGG GCGGTTTTGGGT GTCAAG (SEQ IDCTTGCA (SEQ ID NO: 113) NO: 114) LSR uc002nyp 160 60 59.8 CCTCAGGTGTTCCCACTGCGGAC CCAGCA (SEQ ID TGAGCTA (SEQ NO:115) ID NO: 16) SLC22A18ENST00000 345 59.9 60 GGCTGGAACTCA TAGAGCGCTCA 312221 GACCCA (SEQ IDTCCTGCC (SEQ NO: 117) ID NO: 118) STON2 aAug10 222 60.8 59.7AACTCAGCTTCC TGTTTCTGTTGT GGTCACC (SEQ CTGGTAGCTG (SEQ ID NO: 119)ID NO: 120) SLC44A4 pHIT00007 112 59.9 59.5 TACAGCAGGGG TGTCCCACAGC 8073ATCAGCG (SEQ CACAAGA (SEQ ID NO: 121) ID NO: 122) OPN3 hAug10 135 60.058.9 TGCTGGTGTCCC TGCATTTGTGAC TCTTCG (SEQ ID TGGAACTCT NO: 123)(SEQ ID NO: 124) AC019117 ENST00000  69 59.3 60.1 GGAACATCTACAGGGGACTGTTG 419463 CACAGAGGAAA GGAATGGA (SEQ ID NO: 125)(SEQ ID NO: 126) LINC00284 ENST00000 323 59.8 60.0 TCAGAAGGCAATCCTGCTGAGCC 439707 AGATTGACCAG AGGAAC (SEQ ID (SEQ ID NO: 127) NO: 128)MUC16 HIT000048 108 59.8 59.9 ACCCATCGGAGC GGAACAGTTAC 730TCTGTG (SEQ ID TTGTGGGGC NO: 129) (SEQ ID NO: 130) TFRC Multiple 17360.1 59.8 CTGCAGAGGTCG TCCACGAGCAG (Ref) CTGGTC (SEQ ID AATACAGCC (SEQNO:131) ID NO: 132) RBM17 Multiple 127 59.9 60.1 ACATGGTTGGTGACTGCTTCATCA (Ref) CGGGAG (SEQ ID TCAGGGGC (SEQ NO: 133) ID NO: 134)PPIA Multiple 108 60.0 59.8 AAAGCATACGG TGCTTGCCATCC (Ref) GTCCTGGC (SEQAACCACT (SEQ ID NO: 135) ID NO: 136)

Relative Quantification.

A software implementation of the qBase relative quantification framework(Hellemans et al., 2007) was used to calculate all normalized relativequantities in this study. In accordance with MIQE guidelines (Bustin etal., 2009), computed reaction efficiencies and three reference amplicons(discussed above) were included in the calculations.

Total RNA and cDNA

All normal tissue total RNA was purchased from Biochain. Tumor total RNAwas either purchased from Origene or derived from frozen tumor samplesobtained from UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center Biorepository. RNA wasextracted manually from frozen tumor tissue samples (approx. 25 mg)using Qiagen RNeasy (Cat #74104) kit as described by manufacturer. 1 ugof RNA as determined by a Nanodrop 1000 (Thermo Scientific) wasconverted to cDNA using the SuperScript III Reverse Transcriptase Kit(Cat #180800051 Life Technologies) with random hexamers priming asdescribed by the manufacturer. Final cDNA was diluted to the equivalentof 10 ng/uL starting RNA concentration. For normal tissue, cDNA fromeach tissue type was pooled at equal concentrations to minimize reactionefficiency variation.

Results

The overall strategy of the tumor-specific isoform identificationprocess (FIGS. 4-5 ) is based on: 1) computational algorithms customdeveloped for sensitive and accurate isoform identification; 2) largecompendiums of tumor and normal tissue RNA-seq data produced by TCGA andGTEx; and 3) high-throughput RTqPCR experiments. As reported below,custom algorithms were used to efficiently process large amounts ofRNA-seq data and applied one prioritization strategy to produce a listof mRNA isoforms rank prioritized by likelihood of being tumor-specific.Then custom developed software was used for automated design ofisoform-specific PCR primers and performed RT-qPCR using pooled tumorRNA and pooled normal tissue RNA. For isoforms found to only be presentin the tumor pool, their expression by RT-qPCR was measured in a largerset of non-pooled tumor and normal samples. The isoforms that wereexpressed across multiple tumors were then ranked based on whether theywere expressed in zero, one, two, three, four or more normal tissues andevaluated for oncologic applications.

Computational Pipeline for RNA-Seq.

The standard RNA-seq computational pipeline for organisms with asequenced genome has three main components (FIG. 1A): 1) alignments ofRNAseq reads to the genome, 2) an isoform model database, and 3) anintegration algorithm, whose input is the isoform model database and theread pair alignments and whose output is the expression level of thesupplied isoforms. A pipeline was developed for isoform identificationand expression level estimation that is distinguished by novelmethodologies and custom software algorithms in each of these threecomponents.

A major distinguishing feature of our approach to RNA-seq read alignmentis the use of maximally sensitive alignment parameterizations coupledwith nucleotide-resolution read-to-isoform correspondence verification.Such parameterizations enable the thorough detection of all RNA-seq readalignments spanning splice junctions, which are especially informativebecause they provide exon linkage information that can be crucial foraccurate isoform identification. Current practice sets “minimumoverhangs” of a read's alignment over a splice junction into anadjoining exon—often 8 bp or more—to guard against false genomicalignments. To maximally recover the information in RNA-seq reads,alignments were considered with even 1 bp overhangs, but then throughnucleotide-resolution read-to-isoform correspondence verification wereject all read pair alignments that do not exactly match the humangenome reference sequence. This approach has four consequences (see FIG.1B). First, isoform identification information was maximized in each setof RNA-seq data. Second, read pairs were identified that do notcorrespond to any known isoform and prevent their subsequent use forisoform expression estimation. In practice, these rejected read pairsconstitute 2-3% of the raw data and are indicative of the presence ofisoforms that have not been discovered and incorporated into any publicdatabase (Mercer et al., 2012). Third, each read pair was explicitlyassociated with a specific isoform or set of isoforms from which itcould have been derived and then use this information in the finalexpression estimation stage. Due to the high overlap of isoforms at agenomic locus, read pair alignments often overlap isoforms from whichthey both could and could not have been physically derived. In someRNA-seq computational protocols, this distinction is not addressed andread pair alignments are erroneously used to estimate the expression ofisoforms from which they could not have been physically derived. Asshown in FIG. 6 for an exemplar RNA-seq data set, read-to-isoformcorrespondence verification markedly reduces the number of isoforms withwhich read pairs can be associated. And fourth, read pairs wereexplicitly associated to isoforms to enable the strategy for minimizingboth false positives and false negatives in RNA-seq experiments (seebelow).

A major distinguishing feature of this approach to isoform models is theuse of a custom isoform model database that was created by merging allof the major isoform model databases (see FIG. 1C). Although the use ofonly one particular isoform model database is standard in currentRNA-seq computational protocols, doing so is a source of false negatives(Wu et al., 2013), if a particular isoform is not in the database, thenthe integration algorithm (see FIG. 2A) cannot know about it and use itfor expression estimation. By merging all major isoform model databases,the present approach minimizes the possibility of such false negatives.Conversely, isoforms in a supplied isoform model database that are notactually expressed in a sample from which RNA-seq data was generatedrepresent noise for the integration algorithm and can lead to theassignment of non-zero expression for unexpressed isoforms. To minimizethe possibility of such false positives, the read-to-isoformverification information discussed above and the implementation of agreedy solution to the Set Cover Problem (Chvatal, 1979) was used toidentify the set of isoforms that most parsimoniously explains theRNA-seq read alignments. In effect, an isoform model database is createdthat is tailored to each RNA-seq experiment. As shown in FIG. 7 , thistailoring reduces the number of isoforms from loci that are used asinput to the integration algorithm.

Tumor-Specific Isoform Predictions from 2,135 RNA-Seq Experiments.

For the present study mRNA isoforms that are the most pervasively andexclusively expressed in HGS-OvCa were sought. Using 296 curated TCGARNA-seq data sets for HGS-OvCa, isoforms expressed in 90-100% of tumorswere first identified. In order to capture even very lowly expressedtranscripts, an expression level cutoff of 10⁻⁶ FPKM was used to definewhether a transcript was expressed or not. This first filter yielded117,108 isoforms (see FIG. 8A). The 1,839 GTEx RNA-seq data sets wereused to count the number of normal tissues in which the averageexpression of each of these 117,108 isoforms was equal or higher. Asshown in FIG. 8B, most of the isoforms expressed in 90-100% of the TCGAovarian tumors were also expressed in many normal tissues. For each ofthe 22,082 isoforms that was equally or more highly expressed in at mostone other tissue, the normal tissue with the highest average expressionwas identified and computed two statistics: 1) the Mann-Whitney P-valueassociated with the two sets of expression values (i.e., tumor vsnormal); and 2) the fold change of the average tumor expression over theaverage normal tissue expression. As shown by FIG. 8C, most of the22,082 isoforms were not appreciably distinguished in their tumorexpression from their “closest” normal tissue expression by averageexpression fold change nor the distribution of expression values.Finally, the 22,082 isoforms were rank prioritized by likelihood ofbeing tumor-specific by sorting them by fold change and P-value.

High-Throughput mRNA Isoform-Specific PCR Primer Design.

The sequencing technology upon which this study is based has thelimitation of only being applicable to about 200-250 bp fragments ofcDNA-restricting its ability to unambiguously identify mRNA isoformsthat in the human genome are on average about 2 kb. For this reasonRT-qPCR was used to confirm the tumor-specific expression of mRNAisoforms that were rank prioritized by RNA-seq. To enable a large numberof RT-qPCR experiments, software was developed that could exhaustivelyidentify and design primers for all unique amplicons of any target mRNAin the human genome. With this software design primers were designed forthe 1,230 topmost tumor-specific candidate mRNA isoforms. Of theseattempts, 671 (54.6%) were successful. Of the unsuccessful attempts, 320(26.0%) were due to the lack of a unique amplicon sequence in the targetisoform and 239 (19.4%) were due to primer design failure. (Primerdesign failure can occur for reasons related to T_(m) requirements,forward and reverse primer compatibility, primer or amplicon sequencelength constraints, and primer amplification of unintended products.)

Confirmation of Isoform Tumor-Specific Expression by RTqPCR.

Confirmatory RT-qPCR experiments were performed using a two-phaseapproach. In phase 1 pooled RNA was used to efficiently filter outisoforms that were not expressed in tumors and/or were expressed innormal tissues. A pool of 4 different tumor RNA samples and a pool of 4different normal tissue RNA samples were used and then measured theexpression of all 671 isoforms in both pools. As graphed in FIG. 9 ,66.2% (n=445) of isoforms were present in both pools, 18.2% (n=122) werepresent only in the tumor pool, 1.0% (n=7) were present only in thenormal pool, and 14.5% (n=97) were absent in both pools. Furthermore,the experiments revealed the presence of novel isoforms that are notdocumented in any of the isoform model databases that were used toconstruct the isoform model database. In the group of isoforms found inboth pools, 18.3% of reactions revealed one or two additional products.For the “tumor only” and “normal only” groups, the percentages were 5.7%and 0.4%, respectively.

In phase 2 the expression of a subset of the isoforms in an expanded setof individual, non-pooled, RNA samples was measured. For the subset 86isoforms were selected that were absent from the normal tissue pool,that were associated with a single peak melt curve, and that were themost robustly expressed in the tumor pool. To expand the set of RNAsamples an additional 8 tumor samples and an additional 8 normal tissuesamples—for a total of 12 tumor samples and 12 normal tissue sampleswere added. RT-qPCR was used to measure the expression of the 86isoforms in the 24 individual samples and then ranked the isoforms bythe number of normal tissues in which they were expressed. Thetop-ranked 33 isoforms, shown in FIG. 4 , constitute 5% of the original671 isoforms investigated. The top 8 isoforms, or 1.2% of the original671, were expressed in 6-12 of the 12 tumors and were undetectable inall 12 normal tissues examined. An additional 11 isoforms (1.6% of 671)were only observed in one normal tissue, which in most cases was eitherfallopian tube or colon. In the remaining 14 cases (2.1% of 671) inwhich the isoforms were present in 2, 3, or 4 normal tissues, fallopiantube and/or ovary were most consistently among the normal tissues.Biologic basis and applications of candidate tumor-specific molecules.Because the mRNA isoforms in FIG. 4 are expressed in 6-12 of the 12different tumors and have highly restricted or undetected normal tissueexpression, they are of immediate and high interest for bothunderstanding tumor biology and for oncologic applications. Acomplication that arises when interpreting isoform-level findings isthat most isoforms of most genes have not been explicitly studied, andeven small differences in mRNA or protein isoform primary sequence froma well-studied canonical isoform can alter the molecule's function,localization, lifetime, structure, and/or interaction network(Weatheritt et al., 2012). Nonetheless, with this caveat in mind, belowisoforms that are likely to play a causative functional role in themalignant state and that have potential use for diagnosis and therapyare highlighted.

Isoforms of Genes Related to Oncogenesis, Stem Cells, and Stem Cell-LikeCancer Cells.

A structurally distinct mRNA isoform 1Aug10 of ETV4/PEA3 (see FIG. 4 )was expressed in all studied tumors and was detectable only in normalheart. ETV4 is a transcription factor that is active in developingembryos and adult tissues and that has a demonstrated transforming rolein Ewings tumors, prostate, ovarian, breast and other solid tumors (Ohet al., 2012). The 1Aug10 isoform is incompletely known at the 3′ end,but enough of the transcript has been sequenced to reveal that 1Aug10 isthe only ETV4 isoform with a truncated N-terminal amino acid sequenceand a skipped exon 5. The functional implications of this distinguishingstructure are unknown.

FOXM1 is a transcription factor that is both a potent oncogene and animportant molecule for maintaining stem cell renewal (Teh, 2012). Thegene is highly expressed across a broad range of different solid tumortypes, including ovarian cancer. Integrated genomic analyses of ovariancancer performed by TCGA found the FOXM1 regulatory network to be themost significantly altered in expression level across 87%/o of the 489tumors studied. FOXM1 has multiple isoforms, two of which have beenstudied for their transforming potential (Lam et al., 2013). This studyfound that isoforms FOXM1b and FOXM1c both had transforming potential,and that FOXM1c was likely to be constitutively active because it wasproteolytically processed to yield short isoforms without the N-terminalinhibitory domain. The 1Aug10 and gAug10/ENST00000536066 isoforms thatare in FIG. 4 were neither of the isoforms studied, but interestingly,both are short isoforms that are missing the N-terminal inhibitorydomain. Thus it may be that one or both of the FOXM1 isoforms that weidentified are constitutively active transforming isoforms of FOXM1.

Tetraspanin proteins are increasingly viewed as therapeutic targetsbecause of their emerging key roles in tumor initiation, progression,metastasis, and sometimes angiogenesis (Hemler, 2013). An isoform iAug10of CD9/tetraspanin-29 was identified that was expressed in 10 of 12tumors and absent from all but one normal non-gynecological tissue. CD9is a cell surface marker for normal human embryonic stem cells and forcancer stem cells in non-small-cell lung carcinoma (Zhao et al., 2012).It has various anti- and pro-tumorigenic roles, with the latterincluding that of an oncogene in an ovarian cancer line (Hwang et al.,2012). The varied and opposing roles of CD9 have been suggested to be aconsequence of its different interaction partners in the plasma membrane(Hemler, 2013). An additional and compatible reason, though, may be themultiple protein isoforms of CD9.

The lipolysis-stimulated lipoprotein receptor (LSR) is gene that inbasal-like triple-negative breast cancer cell lines is a biomarker ofcells with cancer stem cell features and with a direct role in drivingaggressive tumor initiating cell behavior (Leth-Larsen et al., 2012;Reaves et al., 2014). These observations are relevant to the presentstudy because of the discovery that basal-like breast cancers andovarian serous cancers exhibit very similar mRNA expression programs andshare critical genomic alterations indicating related etiology andtherapeutic opportunities. At the gene level LSR is transcribed inmultiple normal tissues, but our investigation revealed LSR isoformuc002nyp.3 to be expressed across all 12 tumors studied and undetectablein all 12 normal tissues studied. Intriguingly, because of thisisoform's structure (see FIG. 5D) it has dual therapeutic potential; itssplice junction forms a unique amino acid sequence that is a predictedextracellular epitope and is computed to have a high binding affinityfor three different MHC I alleles. Thus, this isoform has the potentialof encoding a protein with one tumor-specific polypeptide that is bothan antibody and T-cell target on ovarian cancer stem cells and that, iffound to be expressed in breast basal-like tumors, could be relevant formultiple difficult tumor types.

Isoforms for Early Detection and Monitoring of HGS-OvCa.

The Papanicolaou test has recently been demonstrated to be a viablesource of ovarian tumor cells (Kinde et al., 2013). This observationallows the possibility for an early ovarian cancer detection test basedon the assessment of ovarian tumor-specific mRNA isoforms that areexpressed in tumor cells that have disseminated to the cervix. For suchan early detection strategy to work, one would need to identify mRNAisoforms that are only expressed in ovarian tumors and not in normalgynecologic tissues. Extensive experimental evidence (Lee et al., 2007;O'Shannessy et al., 2013; Kim et al., 2012; Kessler et al., 2013)indicates that fallopian tube, and to a lesser extent the ovary, are thetissue(s) of origin of HGSOvCa. Additionally, many studies (Marquez etal., 2005; Sproul et al., 2012: Ge et al., 2005) have demonstrated thatexpression profiles of tumors are more similar to those of their tissueof origin than to any other normal tissue, so for HGSOvCa fallopian tubeand ovary are the most stringent tissues against which to judge thetumor-specificity of an mRNA isoform. As shown in FIG. 4 , we found 2.8%(n=19) of the original starting set of 671 isoforms were not expressedin the ovary or fallopian tube and that 1.2% (n=8) of isoforms were notexpressed in any of the normal tissues tested. These findings constitutean initial candidate set of mRNA isoforms upon which a new strategy forthe early detection of ovarian can be developed.

Isoforms Predicted to Encode Cell Surface Targets.

The parathyroid hormone receptor 2 gene PTH2R encodes a class B (typeII) GPCR that is predominantly expressed in endocrine and limbic regionsof the forebrain and to a lesser extent in restricted cell types ofperipheral tissues (Dobolyi et al., 2012). Its function in non-braintissues and in cancer has not been studied. The mRNA isoform that weidentified is highly expressed in 10 of the 12 tumors used herein (seeFIG. 4 ). The isoform is distinguished by its alternative first exon,which is predicted to retain a (likely cleaved) signal peptide (see FIG.5A). In addition to the signal peptide, the first exon would confer onthe protein isoform a unique 12 amino acid sequence. Since the proteinis a class B GPCR, its N-terminal sequence is expected to beextracellular and thus amenable to antibody targeting.

The CD9 isoform identified herein, which was expressed in 100% of thelate stage 296 TCGA tumors and in 10 of the 12 tumors (see FIG. 4 ),contains a unique exon (see FIG. 5B) that imparts upon the protein aunique, in-frame 41 amino acid sequence that encompasses the first twotransmembrane regions of the protein and the extracellular domainbetween them-making it amenable to specific antibody targeting ifexpressed.

Isoforms Predicted to Encode Epitopes for Tumor Vaccines.

While the C-terminal portion of the tumor-specific ETV4 isoformidentified herein is incompletely known, the portion that is knownreveals the isoform to have an exon-skipping event that is unique amongall ETV4 isoforms—conferring on the resulting protein at least 14 uniqueamino acids (see FIG. 5C). The epitope potential of this region wasanalyzed using a computational method (Nielsen et al., 2007) that hasbeen recently validated by retrospective prediction against a large setof bona fide T-cell antigens that induced immune responses and wereassociated with tumor regression and long-term disease stability(Fritsch et al, 2014). A 10-mer epitope centered directly over theunique splice junction was identified and calculated to have a verystrong affinity (12.9 nM) for the HLA allele A*02:01 and a moderateaffinity (363 nM) for the B*08:01 allele. Because the A*02:01 andB*08:01 alleles are among the most common HLA alleles in the Caucasianpopulation of the United States (Gonzalez-Galarza et al., 2011), theETV4 isoform is a strong candidate for immunotherapeutic application forovarian cancer.

Discussion

A highly customized RNA-seq bioinformatics pipeline was developed thatis designed for isoform identification and that is distinct fromstandard approaches because of: 1) its use of an isoform model databasethat is a merger of all isoform model databases available worldwide: 2)its capability for maximally sensitive genome-wide read alignment; and3) the nucleotide resolution consistency analysis that is performed forevery sequencing read-isoform combination. Furthermore, a workflow forhigh-throughput, isoform-level RT-qPCR experiments was developed that isdistinguished by software for automated design of PCR primers that arespecific to individual mRNA isoforms at complex genomic loci (i.e., lociin which no isoform may even have a uniquely distinguishing splicejunction or exon). A combined computational/experimental pipeline wasused to generate detailed molecular hypotheses in the form of specificmolecules (i.e., mRNA isoforms and/or the protein isoforms that theyencode) with ovarian tumor-specific expression and with particularoncologic application(s). Importantly, the hypotheses were based ongene-level analyses that by definition encompass numerous mRNA andprotein isoforms in aggregate. Based on the RNA-seq-based rankprioritization of mRNA isoforms, identify, at a rate of about 3%, mRNAisoforms were identified that have the tumor specificity required for anearly detection diagnostic and/or that encode protein isoforms withunique epitopes amenable for monoclonal antibody targeting, vaccines,and adoptive immunotherapies.

Analogous to the challenge of distinguishing driver from passengermutations in cancer genomics (Reva et al., 2011), cancer transcriptomicsmust contend with the challenge of distinguishing those mRNA moleculesthat are important for the malignant phenotype from those that are not.This challenge was addressed by requiring the mRNA isoforms interrogatedin the present study to be expressed in 90-100% of the TCGA ovariantumors, with the rationale being that a tumor-specific isoform that ispresent in 90-100% of tumors is less likely to be so as a deregulationside effect but because it is functionally important. In support of thisrationale, among the topmost 5% (n=33) tumor-specific isoforms arevariants of genes that are demonstrated oncogenes, known to maintain themalignant state, have a direct role in driving aggressive tumorinitiating cell behavior, or are necessary for maintaining a stem cellphenotype. In addition to the cancer genomics goal of identifying drivermutations is the goal of identifying driver mutations that are“actionable”. Among the topmost 5% are at least five protein targetsthat have unique primary structures that would allow them to bespecifically targeted for one or more therapeutic strategies, includingmonoclonal antibody therapy/chimeric T-cell generation, and peptide- orT-cell-based vaccines.

Beyond protein, mRNA itself has the potential to be a therapeutic target(Zangi et al., 2013; Zhou et al., 2013). If proven to be so, mRNA has agreat advantage over protein as a class of target molecule because MHCepitope and cell surface restrictions would not apply. But like proteintherapeutics, mRNA would need to be targeted isoform-specificallybecause of the high degree of identical nucleotide sequence among theisoforms from a genomic locus. This study is pertinent to mRNAtherapeutics because it demonstrates a feasible strategy for findingtumor-specific mRNA targets. Herein the idea is proposed—inspired by aDNA-based approach (Kinde et al., 2013)—of an ovarian cancer detectiontest based on the detection of tumor-specific mRNA isoforms frommalignant cells that have disseminated to the cervix and been collectedduring a Papanicolaou test. A strategy based on RNA and not DNA couldhave distinct advantages. Tumor types have characteristic expressionprofiles that are distinctive from both those of other tumor types andnormal tissues. An approach based on RNAs that are broadly indicative ofcharacteristic expression programs could be more robust because it wouldnot rely on particular mutations but on a characteristic cancer cellexpression phenotype. Furthermore, because somatic DNA mutations occurin one or a few copies per tumor cell and RNA isoforms can occur in100's-1,000's of copies per cell, an assay based on mRNA is potentiallymuch more sensitive. The first requirement for such a test is theenumeration of mRNA molecules that indicate the presence of an ovariantumor. In our experiments, we identified isoforms that were expressed inmost or all tumors and were not detected in any normal tissues.Furthermore, additional isoforms were identified that were expressed inmost or all tumors and in only one normal tissue that, importantly, wasnot ovary or fallopian tube. These additional isoforms are alsocandidates for a detection test because, not being found in thegynecologic tissues tested, would be indicative of tumor cells ifdetected in a Papanicolaou test.

There are a number of hard limitations to the approach fortumor-specific isoform identification and validation. These hardlimitations are due to the “short read” nature of RNA-seq data and tothe great extent to which mRNA isoforms at a genomic locus share exonsand splice junctions. RNA-seq reads represent, essentially, 200-250contiguous basepairs of processed mRNA. As most mRNAs are much longerthan 250 bps, RNA-seq reads cannot provide the information that linksdistant exons and that is often necessary for unambiguous identificationof the source mRNA isoform. The present RNA-seq computational procedurewas designed for maximum accuracy in identifying those isoforms thatwere, and were not, represented in an RNA-seq data set. To achieve thisgoal, false negatives were minimized by merging all of the major isoformmodel databases and then nucleotide-level correspondence and parsimonyalgorithms were developed to minimize false positives. Nonetheless,determining which isoforms generated a set of RNA-seq reads is aninference problem that will always be error prone and because of this noisoform identification procedure will be completely accurate. However,even if one was able to identify the mRNA isoforms underlying an RNA-seqdata set with complete accuracy, there is a limitation on the rate atwhich their expression can be confirmed by PCR. To confirm an mRNAisoform one must design PCR primers that amplify a uniquelydistinguishing nucleotide sequence. At complex genomic loci this is achallenging task because of the extent to which exons and splicejunctions are shared among isoforms. A major component of the presentstudy is the algorithms that were developed for automated design ofisoform-specific PCR primers. Even with the software primers could onlybe designed for about 55% of isoforms, meaning that almost half of theisoforms that we predicted by RNA-seq to be tumor-specific could not beinvestigated by RTqPCR. Furthermore, for about 25% of the isoforms forwhich primers could be designed, melt curve analysis revealed thepresence of multiple PCR products (often 2 or 3)—indicating the presenceof new isoforms. These observations are compatible with recenttranscriptome sequencing experiments that have reported on new isoformdiscovery rates (Mercer et al., 2012: Lin et al., 2012; Howald et al.,2012). That RT-qPCR discovers isoforms at a higher rate attests to itshigher sensitivity and lack of library preparation procedures.

As opposed to the limitations that exist for the present approach, thereare three “soft” limitations that could be readily addressed topotentially improve our tumor-specific isoform identification rate.First, only two metrics were used to rank prioritize isoforms bylikelihood of being tumor-specific. The output of the RNA-seqcomputational procedures has six metrics. Additionally, the presentprocedures have three threshold values that have not been optimized. Theuse of more or other metrics for rank prioritization and of optimizedthreshold values likely will yield additional results of the samequalitative nature as reported herein. Second, ovary and fallopian tubewere the most common normal tissues in which isoforms were expressed(see FIG. 4 ). As the tissue of origin and primary tumor site, these areexactly the normal tissues in which a tumor-expressed isoform is mostlikely to be expressed. Unfortunately, these are also exactly the normaltissues for which we had the fewest normal control RNA-seq data sets (3ovary and 1 fallopian tube). Thus the ability to negatively filtertumor-expressed isoforms was limited. The GTEx project is activelysequencing ovary and fallopian tube, so this soft limitation willdiminish in the future. Third, the known expression subtypes of HGS-OvCa(TCGA, 2011; Tothill et al., 2008; Verhaak et al., 2013) was notaccounted for, but instead mRNA isoforms were sought that were expressedin all tumor subtypes (i.e., 90-100% of the 296 TCGA tumors).Incorporating subtype classification into the procedures could yieldtumor subtype-specific mRNA isoforms.

Tumor cells that disseminate to the cervix or into the bloodstream maydown regulate the isoforms that are expressed in primary tumors, so forutility in a Papanicolaou test-based early detection diagnostic or inidentifying circulating tumor cells the continued expression of isoformsin these non-primary tumor sites will need to be confirmed.Additionally, mRNA expression does not always equate to proteinexpression, so for the protein isoforms with therapeutic targetpotential their expression and cellular localization in tumor cells willneed to be experimentally confirmed.

In summary, a systematic process was developed for identifyingtumor-specific mRNA isoforms that leverages the large and growing publiccompendiums of tumor and normal tissue RNA-seq data. The rate at whichtumor-specific isoforms can be identified for HGS-OvCa was quantifiedand it was demonstrated that they have the potential to provide thespecificity needed for extremely specific diagnostics and therapeutics.The present findings are relevant in a larger context because theprocedures developed can be readily and rapidly applied to any of the 30or more tumor types for which large amounts of RNA-seq data now exist.

Example 2

The intention is for the appropriate tissue sample to be the humantissue cells that are already collected during routine gynecologicalprocedures (e.g., Pap smears or endometrial biopsy), and for the isoformdetection technology to be RT-qPCR (a standard biological technique) orNanoString probes. Four steps broadly describe how the disclosure wouldbe applied in practice:

-   -   1) Perform standard Pap smear or endometrial biopsy procedure.    -   2) Place some or all of the collected tissue into a standard        RNA-preserving media such as RNAlater or RLT Buffer.    -   3a) Isolate and convert collected RNA to cDNA and perform        standard RT-qPCR using PCR primers that are specific to the mRNA        isoforms comprising the detection test. OR    -   3b) Apply NanoString technology directly to the collected RNA        using probes developed specifically for the mRNA isoforms        comprising the detection test, e.g., two non-overlapping probes.    -   4. Use measurements from 3a) or 3b) as input to a statistical        model, which will output a likelihood/probability/confidence for        the presence of an ovarian tumor growing in the patient's body.

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All publications, patents and patent applications are incorporatedherein by reference. While in the foregoing specification, thisinvention has been described in relation to certain preferredembodiments thereof, and many details have been set forth for purposesof illustration, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art thatthe invention is susceptible to additional embodiments and that certainof the details herein may be varied considerably without departing fromthe basic principles of the invention.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method for detecting the presence of ovariancancer, comprising: (a) obtaining amplified nucleic acid from a cervicalor endometrial sample from a human patient, wherein the amplifiednucleic acid is obtained using at least one primer having a nucleotidesequence comprising SEQ ID NO: 93, SEQ ID NO:94, SEQ ID NO:115, or SEQID NO:116, or at least one primer having at least 80% identity thereto;(b) measuring in the sample the amount of at least one mRNA isoform ofMYLPF having a sequence comprising MYLPF-specific sequences in SEQ IDNO:93 and in the complement of SEQ ID NO:94 and at least one mRNAisoform of LSR having a sequence comprising LSR-specific sequences inSEQ ID NO:115 and in the complement of SEQ ID NO:116; and (c)determining whether the amount of the least one mRNA isoform of MYLPFhaving a sequence comprising MYLPF-specific sequences in SEQ ID NO:93and in the complement of SEQ ID NO:94 and of the at least one mRNAisoform of LSR having a sequence comprising LSR-specific sequences inSEQ ID NO:115 and in the complement of SEQ ID NO:116 in the sample fromthe human patient is increased relative to the amount of the at leastone mRNA isoform of MYLPF and the at least one mRNA isoform of LSR in acorresponding normal sample, wherein an increased amount of the at leastone mRNA isoform of MYLPF and of the at least one mRNA isoform of LSR inthe sample from the human patient is indicative of ovarian cancer in thehuman patient.
 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the sample is from thecervix.
 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising determining thepresence or amount of RAB11FIP4, AURKA, or CDCA5.
 4. The method of claim1, wherein the method employs at least two primers comprising anucleotide sequence selected from: SEQ ID NO:93 or a sequence having atleast 80% identity thereto, SEQ ID NO:94 or a sequence having at least80% thereto, SEQ ID NO:115 or a sequence having at least 80% identitythereto, and SEQ ID NO:116 or a sequence having at least 80% identitythereto, respectively.
 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the at leasttwo primers have a nucleotide sequence comprising SEQ ID NO: 93 and 94respectively, or SEQ ID NO: 115 and 116 respectively.
 6. The method ofclaim 1 wherein a nucleic acid probe is employed to measure the amountof the isoform.
 7. The method of claim 1 wherein the amount of theisoform is indicative of high grade serous ovarian carcinoma.
 8. Themethod of claim 1 further comprising measuring a biomarker selectedfrom: ApoC1, Hemoglobin alpha/beta, ApoAII, ApoCII, Calcyclin,Calgranulin C, Calgranulin C (truncated form), Calgranulin A or IgGheavy chain.
 9. The method of claim 1 further comprising measuring CA125II, CA1 5-3, CA1 9-9, CA72-4, CA 195, CEA, creatine kinase B (CKB),Dianon NB 70/K, haptoglobin, ITIH4, galactosyltransferase, haptoglobin,HE4, hepcidin, HER-2/neu, macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF,CSF-I), prostatin, osteopontin, esoinophil-derived neurotoxin,extracellular domain of the epidermal growth factor receptor (p 11OEGFR), kallikrein 6 and kallikrein 10, LASA, leptin, lysophosphatidicacid (LPA), placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP), prolactin, SMRP,insulin-like growth factor I, IGF-II, hemoglobin, urinary gonadotropinpeptide, Sialyl TN, Tissue peptide antigen (TPA), or tumor associatedtrypsin inhibitor (TATI), and modified forms thereof.
 10. The method ofclaim 1 further comprising determining the presence or amount of mRNAisoforms of OPN3, RP11-3JL1, TMPRSS3, ETV4, SLC44A4, ESR1, TNFRSF8, orMUC16.
 11. The method of claim 1 further comprising determining thepresence or amount of mRNA isoforms of RAB11FIP4, AURKA, huhare, STON2,FOXM1, CTD-2616J11.4, AC0191171, CD9, PTH2R, SPC24, LINC00284, orC19orf53.
 12. The method of claim 1 further comprising determining thepresence or amount of a mRNA isoform of OPN3, RP11-3JL1, TMPRSS3, ETV4,SLC44A4, ESR1, TNFRSF8, SLC44A4, MUC16, RAB11FIP4, AURKA, huhare, STON2,FOXM1, CTD-2616J11.4, AC0191171, CD9, PTH2R, SPC24, LINC00284, orC19orf53, or any combination thereof.
 13. The method of claim 1, furthercomprising determining the presence or amount of at least 2, at least 5,at least 10, at least 12, or at least 20 additional mRNA isoforms. 14.The method of claim 1 wherein the amount is determined using RT-qPCR,hybridization with one or more probes that detect the one or moreisoforms, or RNA sequencing.
 15. The method of claim 1 wherein theisoform of MYLPF that is measured is ENST0000563728.1.
 16. The method ofclaim 1 wherein the isoform of LSR that is measured is uc002nyp.3. 17.The method of claim 1, further comprising determining the presence oramount of at least one mRNA isoform of RAB1 FIP4, AURKA, CDCA5, PRAME,FGFRL1, OPN3, RPI 1-3J1.1, TMPRSS3, CHODL, ETV4, VTCN1, SLC22A18,SLC44A4, huhare, STON2, CDH24, FOXM1, CTD-2616J11.4, ESR1, AC019117 1,CD9, VASN, WFDC2, PTH2R, TNFRSF8, FOXM1, SPC24, SLC44A4, LINC00284,C19orf53, or MUC16.
 18. A method for detecting the presence of ovariancancer, comprising: (a) amplifying nucleic acid from a cervical orendometrial sample from a human patient with a set of primers, whereinone set of primers has a nucleotide sequence comprising SEQ ID NO: 93 ora sequence with at least 80% identity thereto, and one comprising SEQ IDNO:94 or a sequence with at least 80% identity thereto, and another setof primers has a nucleotide sequence comprising SEQ ID NO: 115 or asequence with at least 80% identity thereto, and one comprising SEQ IDNO: 116 or sequence having at least 80% identity; (b) detecting in thesample the presence or the amount of at least one mRNA isoform of MYLPFhaving a sequence comprising MYLPF-specific sequences in SEQ ID NO:93and in the complement of SEQ ID NO:94 and at least one mRNA isoform ofLSR having a sequence comprising LSR-specific sequences in SEQ ID NO:115 and in the complement of SEQ ID NO: 116; and (c) determining: i)whether the amount of the at least one mRNA isoform of MYLPF and the atleast one mRNA isoform of LSR in the sample from the human patient isincreased relative to the amount of the at least one mRNA isoform ofMYLPF and the at least one mRNA isoform of LSR in a corresponding normalsample, wherein an increased amount of the at least one mRNA isoform ofMYLPF and of the at least one mRNA isoform of LSR in the sample from thehuman patient is indicative of ovarian cancer in the human patient, orii) the presence of the at least one mRNA isoform of MYLPF and the atleast one mRNA isoform of LSR in the sample from the human patientrelative to the at least one mRNA isoform of MYLPF and the at least onemRNA isoform of LSR in a corresponding normal sample, wherein thepresence of the at least one mRNA isoform of MYLPF and of the at leastone mRNA isoform of LSR in the sample from the human patient and theabsence of the at least one mRNA isoform of MYLPF and the at least onemRNA isoform of LSR in a corresponding normal sample is indicative ofovarian cancer in the human patient.